The New York Times International - 07.10.2026 - 2026-10-07 深度阅读工作台

纽约时报

国际版 / 2026年10月7日，星期三

博索纳罗并非巴西唯一的问题

伊丽莎白·麦肯纳 (Elizabeth McKenna)

观点

周日前往投票站的数百万巴西人，让极右翼势力取得了该国自1985年军事独裁结束以来最决定性的胜利。

此次竞选的对阵双方是现任总统、80岁的左翼人士路易斯·伊纳西奥·卢拉·达席尔瓦（几乎被全世界称为卢拉），以及参议员弗拉维奥·博索纳罗。后者是前总统雅伊尔·博索纳罗的长子，而雅伊尔·博索纳罗目前因策划2022年政变而被判处27年监禁。正如自2014年以来一直那样，右翼在投票中的实际表现超过了最终民调，弗拉维奥·博索纳罗以47%的得票率领先于卢拉的45%，且博索纳罗的盟友赢得了参议院的多数席位。两人将于10月25日进行决选，而博索纳罗看起来

已准备好迎接胜利。

无论这次选举谁获胜，这个国家都是威权政治的肥沃土壤。

弗拉维奥·博索纳罗——一个被定罪的政变策划者的儿子，且其本人正因腐败接受刑事调查——为何现在能成为对抗全球社会民主左翼标志人物卢拉的领先者？经济不满、对文化变革的反弹、极化以及民主护栏的侵蚀，都是全球选民转向极右翼领导人的原因。在巴西，卢拉及其支持者在这一名单中加入了外国干预，指出特朗普政府试图通过关税、撤销签证以及美国国务院资助反对巴西最高法院的团体，来向博索纳罗倾斜天平。弗拉维奥·博索纳罗的总统任期将给华盛顿在拉丁美洲带来另一个从属伙伴。这还可能为他的父亲带来特赦，并为2023年1月8日冲击巴西利亚的暴徒提供特赦。

另一个关键答案在于巴西人参与公民生活的方式。一个民主国家的健康程度取决于其公民是否参与以及如何参与，而在巴西，趋势令人沮丧。自2013年以来，我一直在对巴西的政治运动进行实地调研，我所看到的是，尽管巴西人大规模地投票和采取行动，但他们采取的方式日益加强了威权政治。

直到刚刚过去的这个周末，一个随意的观察者如果认为巴西是进步主义和民主稳定的罕见灯塔，或许是可以原谅的。麦肯纳，第11页

《纽约时报》发表来自广泛视角的观点，旨在促进关于重大问题的建设性辩论。

小镇面对埃博拉时“得不到帮助”

摄影：ARLETTE BASHIZI 为《纽约时报》拍摄

刚果民主共和国，

曼加拉

---

📄 Original Section

Bolsonaro is not Brazil's only problem

Elizabeth McKenna

OPINION

The millions of Brazilians who went to the polls on Sunday have delivered the far right its most decisive triumph since the end of the country's military dictatorship in 1985.

The race pitted President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, the 80-year-old leftist incumbent known almost universally as Lula, against Senator Flávio Bolsonaro, the eldest son of Jair Bolsonaro, the former president, who is serving a 27-year sentence for plotting a coup in 2022. As it has consistently since 2014, the right outperformed its final polls in the vote, with Mr. Bolsonaro winning 47 percent to Mr. Lula's 45 percent, and Mr. Bolsonaro's allies winning a majority of seats in the Senate. The two will head to a runoff on Oct. 25, with Mr. Bolsonaro looking

poised for a victory.

The country is fertile ground for authoritarian politics, no matter who wins this election.

How is Flávio Bolsonaro — the son of a convicted coup plotter who is himself under criminal investigation for corruption — now the favorite against Mr. Lula, a global icon of the social democratic left? Economic griev-

ance, backlash against cultural change, polarization and the erosion of democratic guardrails are all among the reasons voters around the world are turning to far-right leaders. In Brazil, Mr. Lula and his supporters add foreign interference to that list, pointing to the Trump administration's efforts to tip the scales in Mr. Bolsonaro's favor through tariffs, visa revocations and State Department funding for groups that oppose Brazil's Supreme Court. A Flávio Bolsonaro presidency would give Washington another subordinate partner in Latin America. It could also bring a pardon for his father and amnesty for the rioters who stormed Brasília on Jan. 8, 2023.

Another crucial answer lies in how Brazilians take part in civic life. A democracy's health depends on whether and how its citizens participate, and in Brazil, the trends are discouraging. I've been conducting fieldwork on Brazil's political movements since 2013, and what I've seen is that even though Brazilians vote and take action in large numbers, they increasingly do so in ways that strengthen authoritarian politics.

Until this past weekend, a casual observer could be forgiven for thinking of Brazil as a rare beacon of progressivism and democratic stability in a MCKENNA, PAGE 11

The New York Times publishes opinion from a wide range of perspectives in hopes of promoting constructive debate about consequential questions.

局部援助延迟揭示疫情如何演变为刚果最严重爆发

作者：马修·姆波克·比格（MATTHEW MPOKE BIGG）

在刚果东部的一个山城，一座新的埃博拉中心已开始动工。建成后，它将成为在该镇及其周边村庄遏制病毒传播的核心。

当地的卫生工作者表示，这座中心的建立太晚了。

卫生工作者们认为，如果从6月份起就在曼加拉镇开展持续的抗疫工作，许多生命本可以被挽救。

在疫情震中伊图里省的其他城镇，世界卫生组织在5月份宣布卫生紧急状态后几周内就设立了埃博拉治疗中心。而在曼加拉，埃博拉应对工作直到8月份才开始加强。

此次疫情已成为记录在案的第二大规模爆发，已波及刚果民主共和国的7个省，且可能早在1月份就已开始传播。根据政府的最新数据，自5月以来，刚果已有超过4,000人死于埃博拉。

有初步证据表明，应对工作正在取得进展。根据非洲疾病预防控制中心最近的数据，每周报告的新病例数似乎在8月份达到了顶峰。在非洲的埃博拉疫情中，外部援助组织通常发挥着重要作用，以弥补往往较为薄弱的政府能力。

但曼加拉的卫生工作者表示，

（图注）上图：上个月，在刚果民主共和国曼加拉，人们抬着7岁的若苏埃·迪罗克帕（Josué Ddirokpa）的遗体。左上图：他的追思会。右上图：曼加拉的一间医院病房。直到8月份，那里才成立埃博拉应对小组。

如果援助能早日抵达这里，死亡人数将会减少。

“没有任何帮助，一点也没有，”曼加拉的一名资深护士戈德弗鲁瓦·班扎尼（Godefroy Banzani）在回忆疫情初期该镇被遗弃的感觉时说道。

埃博拉，第4页

尽管美国制裁，伊朗旧喷气式飞机仍继续飞行

越南胡志明市

航空公司无视孤立德黑兰的努力，老旧飞机的安全性令人担忧

作者：达米安·凯夫（DAMIEN CAVE）

上周，在胡志明市国际机场说着波斯语的旅客们拖着行李，走向一架执行新航线（往返于德黑兰）的老旧波音 777 客机。许多人表示，他们意识到这是一次冒险。

这架飞机由伊朗最大的私营航空公司马汉航空（Mahan Air）所有。美国正扩大孤立伊朗的力度，威胁要惩罚任何与伊朗航空公司往来的实体，而该飞机是少数几架仍无视此举的飞机之一。由于之前的制裁多年来一直禁止供应商向马汉航空销售零部件或提供服务，因此该飞机还面临机械方面的危险。

伊朗的老旧飞机——就像这架停在越南南部停机坪上的 23 年机龄的喷气式客机——正是制裁专家经常将其描述为“等待发生的灾难”的对象。阿曼、土耳其和伊拉克已经停止接收马汉航空的航班。但越南以及其他少数几个国家并非如此。这架尾号为 EP-MTE 的 777 客机最近的停靠地还包括曼谷、北京和莫斯科。

“即使你不想去想它，危险也已经在你脑海中了，”一名身穿高尔夫球衫、正离开胡志明市的伊朗人阿米尔（Amir）说道。为了避免在德黑兰惹麻烦，他仅透露了自己的名字。他今年 66岁。“希望我们能安全着陆。希望不会发生任何意外。”

马汉航空这架旧波音宽体机的故事，说明了特朗普政府将民航作为胁迫工具所带来的风险。通过文件、追踪数据以及与航空专家的访谈，拼凑出该飞机的飞行记录和声誉后，可以发现其中充满了警告信号。

除了对平民的潜在危险外，还隐藏着伊朗的韧性和第三方的抵制，这表明当如此多国家仍依赖中东能源时，美国的威胁作用有限。

从德黑兰到越南的直飞航班直到 8 月才开始，计划每周运行一次。泰国在 7 月增加了航班。这些新航线的出现，紧随伊朗在 5 月允许数艘前往该地区的油轮通过霍尔木兹海峡之后。

对于截至 10 月初仍接收伊朗航班的国家（除中国和俄罗斯外，名单还包括阿富汗、亚美尼亚、马来西亚、巴基斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、泰国、乌兹别克斯坦和越南）来说，未来能源供应的承诺似乎具有吸引力。而且不仅仅是现在。如果伊朗继续控制霍尔木兹海峡，向对手收取过路费，而为朋友提供快速通行服务，情况会怎样？

伊朗，第 4 页

他那超现实的形象？不过是一种幻象。

SINNA NASSERI 为《纽约时报》拍摄

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凯尔·麦克拉克伦（Kyle MacLachlan）仍在努力应对电影制作人大卫·林奇（David Lynch）去世带来的打击。在他 20 岁出头时，林奇让他出演了《沙丘》，开启了两人数十年的创意合作。“他是我的定海神针，”麦克拉克伦说道。

对于凯尔·麦克拉克伦而言，饰演古怪的角色需要内心储备一份常态感

报摊价格

作者：MELENA RYZIK

听他自己讲述，凯尔·麦克拉克伦并不像你想象的那么古怪。他经常打高尔夫球。他喜欢园艺——或者端着一杯黑咖啡，站在那里审视他的花园。在曼哈顿的公寓里闲逛，就在最近一个阳光明媚的下午，他欢迎我前来交谈，这次对话以其温和的亲切感而著称。

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“我觉得自己挺普通的——实际上有点无聊，”他告诉我，没有演员式的修饰，“老实说，没什么意思。”

但了解麦克拉克伦 40 多年的荧屏生涯，就是见证他扮演的一系列怪人——或者是在日益离奇的场景中扮演普通人——基本上从一开始就是如此。他的第一个角色就是大卫·林奇 1984 年史诗版《沙丘》的主角，这开启了他与这位前卫电影制作人之间定义职业生涯的关系，这段关系至今仍让粉丝以及麦克拉克伦本人感到惊喜且着迷。

“我对大卫充满信心，”67 岁的麦克拉克伦在他的新回忆录《虚构自我》（Fictional Selves）中写道，书中描述了《沙丘》的试镜以及随后的所有事情。“他用一种简单但神秘的方式，给了我完成这一切的信心。”

在林奇的《双峰》中那些令人不安的古怪人物，以及充满性禁忌且阴森的《蓝绒布》出现之前，在他扮演了一长串他所谓的“有问题的医生”——包括《欲望都市》中被阉割了雄风的特雷·麦克道格尔（Trey MacDougal）之前——麦克拉克伦在 20 岁出头时就通过超现实科幻片《沙丘》接受了洗礼。

不断被烟雾喷洒，麦克拉克伦，第 2 页

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期号 No. 44,651

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📄 Original Section

Old Iran jet keeps flying, despite U.S. sanctions

HO CHI MINH CITY, VIETNAM

Safety of aging plane

of concern as airline defies

efforts to isolate Tehran

BY DAMIEN CAVE

The travelers speaking Persian at Ho Chi Minh City's international airport last week dragged their bags toward an old Boeing 777 flying a new route — to and from Tehran. Many said they recognized it was a risky venture.

The plane, owned by Mahan Air, Iran's largest private carrier, is one of just a few still defying a widened American effort to isolate Iran with threats to punish any entity that engages with its airlines. And because previous sanctions have barred suppliers from selling parts or services to Mahan for years, the dangers are also mechanical.

Iran's aging aircraft — like the 23-year-old jetliner on the tarmac in southern Vietnam — are what sanctions experts often describe as “disasters waiting to happen.” Oman, Turkey and Iraq have stopped accepting Mahan’s flights. But not Vietnam, nor a few others. Recent stops for the 777 with tail sign EP-MTE also included Bangkok, Beijing and Moscow.

“Even if you don’t want to think about it, the danger is in your mind,” said Amir, 66, an Iranian in a golf shirt who was leaving Ho Chi Minh City, sharing only his first name to avoid trouble in Tehran. “Hopefully we’ll land safely. Hopefully nothing will happen.”

The story of Mahan Air's old Boeing wide-body illustrates the risks that come with the Trump administration's campaign to make civil aviation a tool for coercion. In the aircraft's travel record and reputation — pieced together with documents, tracking data and interviews with aviation experts — there are warning lights aplenty.

Alongside the potential danger for civilians are hints of Iranian resilience and third-party resistance that suggest American threats can go only so far when so many still rely on energy from the Middle East.

Direct flights from Tehran to Vietnam only started in August, with plans to run weekly. Thailand added flights in July. The new routes appeared not long after Iran, in May, allowed several tankers heading for the region to pass through the Strait of Hormuz.

For the countries still receiving Iranian flights as of early October (along with China and Russia, the list includes Afghanistan, Armenia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Thailand, Uzbekistan and Vietnam), the promise of future energy supplies appears to be a draw. And not just now. What if Iran keeps control of the Strait of Hormuz with tolls for adversaries, and expedited service for friends?

IRAN, PAGE 4

他那超现实的形象？不过是一种幻象。

麦克拉克兰，

凯尔·麦克拉克兰在加利福尼亚州曼哈顿海滩。《辐射》（Fallout）的创作者格雷厄姆·瓦格纳表示：“凯尔的特点就是习惯于说‘好’”，麦克拉克兰在剧中饰演一名深藏秘密的父亲。

SINNA NASSERI 为《纽约时报》拍摄

在墨西哥为期七个月的拍摄期间，他每天结束工作时都会吐出红色的沙砾；原本就消瘦的他，在拍摄期间体重减轻了15磅（7公斤）。他说，这次制作“简直是疯了，真的”。但由于没有其他电影经验，他当时认为：“事情应该是这样进行的。”

在谈到那套令人窒息、充满异世界感的装扮时，他说：“我仍然记得那套衣服的味道。”“感觉就像在玩游戏一样。”

他在上周出版的、与乔恩·斯特恩费尔德合著的《虚构自我》（Fictional Selves）一书中深入探讨了这一点。书中记录了麦克拉克兰与去年去世的林奇之间的亲缘关系；他获得以及错过的角色（他拒绝出演了《性，谎言与录像带》）；以及他的感情关系，包括与《蓝绒》的合作演员劳拉·邓，以及他出轨对方的那个女演员。

在启动这本书的项目时，他回忆起自己曾说过：“如果我要做这件事，就不能全部是‘看我，看我取得了多少巨大的成功’。你必须看到另一面。这对我很重要。”

在书中，麦克拉克兰将好莱坞称为“一台工业规模的不安全感机器”，但他却能熟练地在其中穿梭，出现在一些最具突破性的电视剧和电影中。如果有时他看起来像是被拖在某种古怪的尾波中，像个疯狂且积极的水上滑雪者——那么，他知道何时该重新浮出水面。

“你可以称凯尔为一个后现代的白昼偶像，突然间成了大卫可以颠覆的对象，”亚马逊反乌托邦热门剧集《辐射》的创作者格雷厄姆·瓦格纳说道，麦克拉克兰在剧中饰演一名深藏秘密的父亲。他们相识十多年，两人在瓦格纳担任喜剧系列剧《波特兰露亚》（Portlandia）编剧、麦克拉克兰饰演剧中那个笨拙的市长时相识。

瓦格纳说，“凯尔的特点就是习惯于说‘好’”，无论是在没有剧本或指导的情况下演唱“波特兰赞歌”，还是出演像《绝望主妇》和《展戏》（Showgirls）这样具有坎普风（camp）的作品。瓦格纳补充道：“他几乎像个英国演员——全身心投入且毫无顾虑。”

瓦格纳回忆起他们在一个拍摄次数有限的特制舞台上拍摄《辐射》中一个棘手场景时的情景。“压力，压力，压力，然后导演一喊‘咔’！”瓦格纳说，“凯尔就会转向我，开始用大力水手的声音说话。”“无论工作多么沉重，凯尔始终保持着明亮和轻快。”

在他的回忆录中，麦克拉克兰为这种特质准备了另一个词；他称自己为“伟大的分区者”（Great Compartmentalizer）。这种品质或许正是吸引林奇的地方，林奇是一位狂野的愿景家，但表现出来的样子却像个憨厚地自谦的童子军。

在《双峰》中，他饰演的联邦调查局特工戴尔·库珀——这是麦克拉克兰职业生涯的巅峰角色——既是林奇的替身，也是一名向导。“我觉得我像是在引导观众穿行于林奇的领域，”他说。“就像是在说，你现在要进入一个非常恐怖的地方，你会看到一些疯狂的东西。但跟着我，你就会没事的；我们将一起探索。”

失去林奇并不是麦克拉克兰能够释怀的事情；在我们的对话中，他用现在时来称呼他。“他是我生命中如此重要的一部分，”麦克拉克兰说。他们曾是洛杉矶的邻居，这位演员经常拜访他的导演。“他有一个漂亮的建筑群，有几栋房子，还有像迷宫一样的路径，”麦克拉克兰回忆道。

“我从远处看到他，他就像”——麦克拉克兰模仿起林奇那粗鲁的嗓音，在书中这种声音用全大写字母表示——“凯尔！快过来。”（Kale是林奇对他起的昵称。）

他们一边喝着咖啡（当然）吃着牛角面包，或者在林奇的木工作坊里，一起回忆往事或讨论电影构思——比如让麦克拉克伦饰演一个住在拖车公园里的年老埃尔维斯。麦克拉克伦记录了其中一些对话，但林奇要求他不要公开。

在创作方面，“他每天都在做些事情，这非常具有启发性，”麦克拉克伦说，“他是我的定海神针。”

他们在艺术圈的关系几乎成了传奇。麦克拉克伦的朋友伊桑·霍克表示，这种关系是共生的、真实的，“一项惊人的成就”。“很多其他演员会在片场像孔雀开屏一样炫耀这一点，但凯尔恰恰相反。”

霍克曾在2000年的一部电影版《哈姆雷特》中与麦克拉克伦共同出演，他表示，他的好友擅长饰演边缘角色，并非因为他本人古怪，“而是因为他是一位才华横溢的演员，且在早年就接触到了伟大的导演”，包括90年代的奥利弗·斯通（《门》）和布鲁斯·贝雷斯福德（《Rich in Love》）。“这种知识贯穿了他的整个职业生涯。”

原版《双峰》在1990年播出时令电视界大为震惊，令观众痴迷，可以说为一代人之后那些大胆的精品剧集铺平了道路（部分原因是像瓦格纳这样的未来创作者当时正在观看）。但麦克拉克伦认为，他在2017年的《双峰：回归》中贡献了最出色的表演，他饰演了库珀、那个阴险的二重身，以及一个天生自带喜剧效果的空白模拟体道吉。林奇亲自执导了全部18集。麦克拉克伦说，当他在社交媒体动态中看到相关的片段时，就仿佛林奇“再次活了过来，我能感受到那种能量和喜悦”。

他古灵精怪的一面最近在他的网络人格中得到了展现。他发布一些短剧，跳起舞来像汽车销售店门口的挡风旗一样，还主持一个名为《我们到底在干什么？》的播客，在节目中采访Z世代的音乐人和喜剧演员。这是他与结婚24年的妻子、制片人德西蕾·格鲁伯共同策划的项目。在与超级名模琳达·伊万格丽斯塔约会之后，他在脊椎按摩师的诊所里遇到了格鲁伯。他们有一个儿子卡勒姆，目前是一名大学一年级新生。（卡勒姆将自己的衣橱借给父亲，用于拍摄那些跨代沟通的TikTok视频。）

尽管现在已长出浓密的银色鬃毛，但麦克拉克伦依然能传递出一种少年感。他戴着透明框眼镜，穿着深色 Polo 衫、修身卡其裤和袜鞋，带我参观了他在曼哈顿的住所——那是他与格鲁伯在切尔西拥有的两套相邻公寓之一（他们主要住在洛杉矶）。钢琴、美术用品——这些都是为他的妻子和孩子准备的。他说，他写回忆录的部分原因是为了让儿子阅读：有一天，“他可能会想回顾往昔，更多地了解他的父亲曾经是谁。”

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《双峰》及其诡异的怪人们在1990年颠覆了电视界，为其他大胆的剧集铺平了道路。

麦克拉克兰在华盛顿州的雅基马长大，是一个社会保守家庭中三个男孩中的长子。他的父亲曾是一名律师，后来转行成为股票经纪人，是一位热爱常规生活的资深高尔夫球手；而他的母亲则是一位富有创造力的实践者，她引导儿子对戏剧产生了兴趣。他在青少年时期父母离婚，通过在西雅图的大学期间参演戏剧和学习表演，他找到了自己的定位。他在书中写道：“我完成了自我的诞生。”

他的母亲在他20多岁时死于卵巢癌，但在他职业生涯早期，她一直是他的倾听者和建议者；他甚至向她展示过《蓝绒绒》的剧本（她当时对此有所顾虑）。格鲁伯，一位前曼哈顿公关人员，也帮助引导了他；正是因为她的坚持，他才出演了《欲望都市》。

他曾担心自己会被与那个角色混为一谈——该角色与克里斯汀·戴维斯饰演的夏洛特结婚，但这段婚姻最终破裂，部分原因在于他的阳痿。但演员之间很有化学反应。戴维斯回忆道：“我想在特雷故事线开头的蒙太奇片段中，我们在整个曼哈顿到处接吻之前，我们在一起的时间并不多。”他说，在饰演库珀探员之后，这是他最常被人们认出的角色。

在人生的这个阶段，麦克拉克兰已经是一个知名人物。但他仍然会为角色发送试镜录像。“我认为作为一名演员，你总会在某种程度上感到不安，”麦克拉克兰说，“我认为你不应该完全感到安逸。你应该始终保持一点饥渴感。”

“我依然热爱工作，”他补充道。他可能想尝试音乐剧，或者仅仅是展示他如何自在地“做我自己，包括所有的缺点”。

正如这个看起来极其普通的人所说：“我喜欢在户外跑来跑去，像个傻瓜一样。”

📄 Original Section

His surreal image? It's just an illusion.

MACLACHLAN, FROM PAGE 1

Kyle MacLachlan in Manhattan Beach, California. "Kyle's thing is to say yes," said Graham Wagner, creator of "Fallout," in which MacLachlan stars as a darkly secretive father.

SINNA NASSERI FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES

sand during the seven-month shoot in Mexico, he spat up red grit at the end of each day; already lean, he lost 15 pounds (seven kilograms) during filming. The production was “insane, truly,” he said. But with no other movie experience, he thought, “This must be how it goes.”

"I can still remember the smell of the suit," he said of his suffocating, other-worldly get-up. "It just felt like play."

He digs into this in “Fictional Selves,” out last week and written with Jon Sternfeld. It charts MacLachlan’s kinship with Lynch, who died last year; his roles, both earned and lost (he passed on “sex, lies and videotape”); and his romantic relationships, including with Laura Dern, his “Blue Velvet” co-star, and the actress he cheated on her with.

Going into the book project, he recalled saying: "If I'm going to do this, then it's not all, 'Look at me, look at all the great successes.' You've got to see the other side. That was important to me."

In the book, MacLachlan calls Hollywood “an industrial-size insecurity machine,” but he has navigated it handily, popping up in some of the most boundary-pushing TV shows and films. If it sometimes seemed as if he were being towed along in an off-kilter wake, like some dementedly gung-ho water skier — well, he knew when to keep bobbing up.

"You could call Kyle a postmodern matinee idol that was suddenly David's to subvert," said Graham Wagner, a creator of the dystopic Amazon hit show "Fallout," on which MacLachlan stars as a darkly secretive father. They've known each other for more than a decade, having met when Wagner was a writer on the comedy series "Portlandia," and MacLachlan played its doofy mayor.

"Kyle's thing is to say yes," Wagner said, whether that's to singing the "Portland anthem" with no script or direction, or to starring in camp like "Desperate Housewives" and "Showgirls." Wagner added, "He's almost like a British actor — it's full commitment with no cost to it."

Wagner recalled when they were shooting a tricky “Fallout” scene on a specialized stage with limited takes. “It’s pressure, pressure, pressure, and then as soon as our director called ‘Cut!’ Kyle will turn to me and start doing a Popeye voice,” Wagner said. “Regardless of how heavy the work was, Kyle stayed bright and light.”

In his memoir, MacLachlan has another term for this trait; he calls himself the Great Compartmentalizer. That quality may be what intrigued Lynch, a wild visionary who also presented as an aw-shucks Boy Scout.

In “Twin Peaks,” too, as the F.B.I. agent Dale Cooper — the pinnacle role of MacLachlan’s career — he is both a Lynchian stand-in and a guide. “I feel I’m kind of walking the audience through the Lynch realm,” he said. “Like, you’re going to go to a very scary place now, you’re going to see some crazy stuff. But come with me and you’re going to be OK; we’re going to navigate this together.”

Losing Lynch is not something MacLachlan has come to terms with; in our conversation, he referred to him in the present tense. "He is just such a big part of who I am," MacLachlan said. They were neighbors in Los Angeles, and the actor would visit his director regularly. "He had a beautiful complex with a couple houses, these labyrinth sort of pathways," MacLachlan recalled.

"I'd see him from a distance, and he's like" — MacLachlan dropped into an impression of Lynch's barking voice, which in the book is represented in all caps — "Kale! Get out here." (Kale was Lynch's nickname for him.)

Over coffee (of course) and croissants, or in Lynch's wood shop, they reminisced or talked about film ideas — MacLachlan as an old Elvis, living in a trailer park. MacLachlan recorded some of these conversations, but Lynch asked him not to share them.

Creatively, "he was doing something every day, which was pretty inspirational," MacLachlan said. "He was my anchor."

Their relationship was almost legendary in artistic circles. It was symbiotic, authentic, “a staggering accomplishment,” said Ethan Hawke, a friend of

MacLachlan's. "There are a lot of other actors who would peacock around sets flaunting that, but Kyle does the opposite."

Hawke, a co-star with MacLachlan in a cinematic “Hamlet” from 2000, said that his pal excels at playing the outer edges not because of his own quirks, “but because he’s a brilliant actor who had early exposure to great directors,” including Oliver Stone (“The Doors”) and Bruce Beresford (“Rich in Love”), in the ’90s. “And he’s carried that knowledge with him for his entire career.”

The original “Twin Peaks” discombobulated television and obsessed audiences when it aired in 1990, arguably paving the way for daring, prestige shows a generation later (in part because future creators, like Wagner, were watching). But it was in “Twin Peaks: The Return" from 2017 that MacLachlan thought he did his finest work, playing Cooper, his dastardly doppelgänger and Dougie, a blank simulacra who is primed for comedy. Lynch directed all 18 episodes himself, and when MacLachlan sees clips of it float through his social-media feed, it's as if Lynch is "alive again, and I'm feeling the energy and the joy," he said.

His own goofy side is lately on display in his online persona. He posts skits and dances like a car lot windsock, and hosts a podcast, “What Are We Even Doing?,” on which he interviews Gen Z musicians and comedians. It’s a project he cooked up with his wife of 24 years, the producer Desiree Gruber. After dating the supermodel Linda Evangelista, he encountered Gruber at his chiropractor’s office. They have a son, Callum, a college freshman. (Callum has lent his wardrobe to his dad's intergenerational TikToks.)

MacLachlan can still telegraph a boy-ish energy, though he now has a robust silver mane. In clear-framed glasses and a dark polo, slim khakis and sock sneakers, he showed me around his Manhattan space, one of two adjoining apartments in Chelsea that he and Gruber have (they mostly live in Los Angeles). The piano, the art supplies — they were all for his wife and child. He wrote his memoir in part, he said, for his son to read: One day, “he might want to take a trip down memory lane and learn a little bit more about who his dad was.”

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一个深受喜爱角色的长期配音者

MARIO NOTARANGELO / MONDADORI PORTFOLIO, VIA GETTY IMAGES

CBS PHOTO ARCHIVE, VIA GETTY IMAGES

佩皮诺·马祖洛

1926-2026

作者：KAJA ANDRIC

佩皮诺·马祖洛（Peppino Mazzullo）是一位意大利演员，40多年来一直为深受全球儿童喜爱的电视角色——大耳朵老鼠木偶“托波·吉吉奥”（Topo Gigio）提供那令人心动的配音。他于9月30日在西西里岛圣斯特凡诺-迪-布里加的家中去世，享年100岁。

记者兼家庭发言人马泰奥·阿里戈（Matteo Arrigo）确认了他的去世。

在跨越六十多年的职业生涯中，马祖洛先生曾在意大利剧院以及广播和电视中演出，但他最持久的角色是托波·吉吉奥（Topo Gigio，意大利语意为“路易老鼠”）。美国观众在20世纪60年代和70年代初通过《艾德·萨利文秀》的一个经常性环节，得以窥见这只可爱且善良的会唱歌的啮齿动物。

托波·吉吉奥由意大利木偶师玛丽亚·佩雷戈（Maria Perego）在20世纪50年代末创造，首次亮相于意大利音乐综艺节目《Canzonissima》，随后出现在意大利故事片《托波·吉吉奥的魔幻世界》（1961）以及大量漫画和杂志中。托波·吉吉奥具有国际吸引力，成为了整个欧洲和拉丁美洲电视节目的常客。

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“我不仅仅是提供了声音。我感觉到托波·吉吉奥就在我内心深处。没有人为我写台词。”

尽管其他演员也曾为托波·吉吉奥（Topo Gigio）配音，但马祖洛（Mr. Mazzullo）先生与这个角色的联系最为紧密。

托波·吉吉奥头发凌乱，脸颊红润，身高10英寸（25厘米），栩栩如生——配备了可以活动的嘴巴和会眨的眼睛。需要几名操作员使用杆子和电缆来协助这个木偶活起来。

马祖洛先生饰演的托波·吉吉奥的台词经常被粉丝引用，其中包括那句意大利语“Ma cosa mi dici mai”，意为“你没开玩笑吧”。

“我不仅仅是提供了声音。我感觉到托波·吉吉奥就在我内心深处，”马祖洛先生在6月告诉意大利广播网络陶尔米纳广播电台（Radio Taormina）时说道，“没有人为我写台词。那些对白、笑话以及大多数情境都是自发产生的。”

托波·吉吉奥在《艾德·萨利文秀》（The Ed Sullivan Show）中最为自在，这部综艺节目向美国观众介绍了像披头士（Beatles）这样的音乐团体。他蹦蹦跳跳地要求以在节目中以刻板形象著称的萨利文先生帮他钻进一张微型小床。

他穿着睡衣，绕着一个闹钟跑来跑去，唱着一首古灵精怪的睡前歌曲，多次命令顺从的萨利文先生：“艾迪，亲我一下，祝我晚安。”

“在他在节目中最深厚的关系之一就是与这只意大利老鼠，托波·吉吉奥，”佩利媒体中心（Paley Center for Media）的首席策展人罗恩·西蒙（Ron Simon）在一次关于萨利文先生的采访中说道。

他补充说，托波·吉吉奥“给一个非常冷漠、非常孤独、面无表情的艾德·萨利文带来了人性”。

西蒙先生说：“有一种

演员佩皮诺·马祖洛（Peppino Mazzullo）与玛丽亚·佩雷戈（Maria Perego）以及一个托波·吉吉奥木偶在20世纪70年代的照片。佩雷戈女士在1950年代创造了托波·吉吉奥。下方是艾德·萨利文在节目中与木偶交谈的场景。一位观察者说：‘托波·吉吉奥有一种能吸引所有人的纯真与甜蜜。’”

纯真与甜蜜，能吸引所有人。”

在一次对话中，临近年终假期，萨利文先生问托波·吉吉奥想要圣诞老人送他什么。

托波·吉吉奥看起来更像个孩子而非老鼠，他咯咯笑着，带着浓重的意大利口音回答。他掏出一张长长的纸条，上面的清单包括一辆自行车、旱冰鞋、一台相机、一台显微镜、一把网球拍、一根曲棍球杆、奶酪片和一块米老鼠手表。

“等一下，”萨利文先生插话道，“你不觉得你向圣诞老人要求的东西有点太多了吗？”

托波·吉吉奥又加了一样东西：萨利文先生的一个吻。主持人照做了。

朱塞佩·马祖洛（Giuseppe Mazzullo）出生于 6, 1926, 的6月，在圣斯特法诺-迪-布里加（Santo Stefano di Briga），是多梅尼科（Domenico）和安托尼娜·布萨（Antonina Busà）马祖洛的五个孩子之一。他的父亲是一名交通警察。他向《西西里报》（La Sicilia）在4月描述道，他的母亲天生就是个喜剧演员——“她热爱在狂欢节派对上化妆并改变自己的形象”。

年轻时，他就读于一所工业学校，并在梅西纳（Messina）附近的造船厂担任车床操作员。他利用业余时间加入了一个在当地教堂演出的业余剧团。1950, 他毕业于米兰的一所戏剧学校，两年内便开始在意大利广播网络RAI出现。

他的遗属包括妻子安娜玛丽亚·德马泰伊斯（Annamaria Dematteis）和女儿柳芭·马祖洛（Liuba Mazzullo）。

在他标志性的角色中，他与意大利超级巨星们同台演出。他（饰演托波·吉吉奥）与电视名人拉法埃拉·卡拉（Raffaella Carrà）共同表演了一段名为《用拥抱宠坏我》（Strapazzami di Coccole）的歌舞片段。他还以这只老鼠的身份轻快地演绎了《夜之陌生人》（Strangers in the Night）。

马祖洛先生于 2006 从托波·吉吉奥这个角色中退休，晚年一直在梅西纳经营一家剧院和表演学校。

“对我来说，托波·吉吉奥就是生活的喜悦，”他告诉陶尔米纳广播电台，“他是让我能展现出自己最好部分——最真实的部分，最接近神性的部分——的工具。”

一部可靠的公用电话获得遗产地位

知道她没事。于是她排队使用公用电话，这是她自孩提时代以来从未做过的事情。

澳大利亚，悉尼

劳拉·钟（LAURA CHUNG）报道

2019年底，当山火席卷澳大利亚东部时，沿海小镇纳鲁马（Narooma）正处于火势路径之中。大火在镇上蔓延，导致电力和互联网中断。

与外界唯一的联系方式是什么？是少数几部老式公用电话。

其中一部电话——数百人曾在其前排队数小时，希望能将好坏消息传达给远方的亲人——现已被列入新南威尔士州澳大利亚国家信托登记册（National Trust of Australia New South Wales Register），该机构是该州识别和保护遗产的最高社区组织。上周的入选使其成为该州首部获得此项认可的公用电话。

根据在澳大利亚运营公共电话亭的通信公司 Telstra 的数据，在危机期间及随后的两个月里，这部电话共接打了近 1,000 次通话。排队的人们分享水瓶和零食，并结交了朋友。其中就包括 42 岁的劳伦·奥布赖恩·诺里斯（Lauren O'Brien Norris），山火席卷该地区时，她正与家人在纳鲁马度假。

在小镇失去移动信号后，她大约 24 小时无法联系母亲，以告知她

奥布赖恩·诺里斯女士表示，她在前面大约 150 人拨完电话后一直在等待。每当消防员等应急服务人员来使用电话亭时，他们会被引导至队伍最前面。

“对于每个人来说，这 100 percent 是救命稻草，能让亲人知道他们平安无事，”她在周五说道。

大约四个小时后，她终于排到了队首，给如释重负的母亲打了电话，告知家人安全。在谈到遗产名录时，奥布赖恩·诺里斯女士说这是一个“绝妙的主意”，并补充道“每个城镇都需要一个电话亭”。

遗产名录并未赋予这部公用电话任何法律保护，但它是对该电话在山火期间所承担的文化和社会作用的认可。当时的照片显示，天空呈现橙色且烟雾弥漫，人们在电话亭周围徘徊，耐心地等待轮到自己。

协助准备公用电话提名申请的专业历史学家娜奥米·帕里·邓肯（Naomi Parry Duncan）表示，澳大利亚与这项技术有着悠久的历史。在延续至 2020 年的山火期间，她也在纳鲁马度假，并回忆起整个地区当时被完全切断了联系。

“我们生活在这样一个现代世界，而这个世界绝对让我们失望了，”帕里·邓肯女士说，“而这里有这种绝对无价的老式技术。”

TELSTRA

2019 年山火期间，当手机信号和互联网服务不可用时，澳大利亚纳鲁马的一部公用电话提供了可靠的通信手段。

📄 Original Section

"I didn't just lend my voice. I felt Topo Gigio inside me. No one wrote the dialogue for me."

Although other actors have voiced Topo Gigio, Mr. Mazzullo was most consistently associated with the role.

Tousle-haired, rosy-cheeked and 10 inches (25 centimeters) tall, Topo Gigio was remarkably lifelike — equipped with a moving mouth and blinking eyes. It took several operators, using rods and cables, to help the puppet come to life.

Mr. Mazzullo's lines as Topo Gigio were often quoted by fans, including the phrase, "Ma cosa mi dici mai," Italian for "You don't say."

"I didn't just lend my voice. I felt Topo Gigio inside me," Mr. Mazzullo told Radio Taormina, the Italian broadcast network, in June. "No one wrote the dialogue for me. The lines, the jokes, and most of the situations came about spontaneously."

Topo Gigio was most at home on “The Ed Sullivan Show,” the variety program that introduced Americans to musical acts like the Beatles. He pranced about, asking Mr. Sullivan, known for his stiff on-air personality, to tuck him into a miniature bed.

"Eddie, kiss me good night," he commanded an obliging Mr. Sullivan on numerous occasions, sporting pajamas and singing a whimsical bedtime song while darting around an alarm clock.

"Among his deepest relationships on the show was with this Italian mouse, Topo Gigio," Ron Simon, the head curator at the Paley Center for Media, said in an interview about Mr. Sullivan.

He added that Topo Gigio “gave humanity to a very cold, very solitary, very stone-faced Ed Sullivan.”

And, Mr. Simon said, "There was a

The actor Peppino Mazzullo with Maria Perego and a Topo Gigio puppet in the 1970s. Ms. Perego created Topo Gigio in the 1950s. Below, Ed Sullivan talking to the puppet on his show. "There was a simplicity and sweetness to Topo Gigio that appealed to everyone," an observer said.

simplicity and sweetness to Topo Gigio that appealed to everyone."

In one exchange, near the end-of-year holidays, Mr. Sullivan asked Topo Gigio what he wanted Santa Claus to bring him.

Topo Gigio, seeming more like a child than a mouse, responded with giggles and a heavy Italian accent. He pulled out a long piece of paper with a list that included a bicycle, roller skates, a camera, a microscope, a tennis racket, a hockey stick, cheese slices and a Mickey Mouse watch.

"Wait just a moment," Mr. Sullivan interjected. "Don't you think you're asking Santa Claus for a little too much?"

Topo Gigio added one more thing: a kiss from Mr. Sullivan. The host obliged.

Giuseppe Mazzullo was born on June 6, 1926, in Santo Stefano di Briga, one of five children of Domenico and Antonina (Busà) Mazzullo. His father was a traffic officer. He described his mother as a natural comedian — “she loved to put on makeup and transform herself during Carnival parties,” he told the newspaper La Sicilia in April.

As a young man, he attended an industrial school and worked as a lathe operator in the nearby shipyards in Messina. He spent his free time with an amateur theater group that performed at a local church. In 1950, he graduated from a dramatic theater school in Milan and within two years was appearing on the Italian radio network RAI.

He is survived by his wife, Annamaria Dematteis, and their daughter, Liuba Mazzullo.

In his signature role, he shared the stage with Italian superstars. With the television personality Raffaella Carrà, he (as Topo Gigio) performed a song-and-dance bit called “Strapazzami di Coccole” (“Spoil Me With Cuddles”). He also performed a lighthearted rendition of “Strangers in the Night” as the mouse.

Mr. Mazzullo retired as Topo Gigio in 2006 and spent his later years running a theater and acting school in Messina.

"For me, Topo Gigio is the joy of living," he told Radio Taormina. "He was the instrument that allowed me to bring out the best part of myself — the most authentic part, the part closest to the divine."

巴西右翼势力的助力

新闻分析

里约热内卢

DIEGO HERCULANO / 路透社

（上图）巴西前总统之子弗拉维奥·博索纳罗在周日的投票中领先于（下图）总统卢拉（路易斯·伊纳西奥·卢拉·达席尔瓦）两个百分点。博索纳罗先生强劲的表现似乎预示着他在10月25日的两方对决中将获胜。

AMANDA PEROBELLI / 路透社

弗拉维奥·博索纳罗出人意料的表现可能让他赢得总统之位

作者：ANA IONOVA

以及 ADAM B. ELLICK

一名深陷丑闻的右翼民粹主义者出人意料地获胜。一个被认为与基层脱节的政党遭遇惨败。左翼支持者在苦苦寻找答案。

这一场景对美国人来说可能感觉很熟悉。而这一次，它发生在数千英里之外的一个拉美国家。其结果可能会深刻地重塑该地区及其与华盛顿的关系。

巴西的右翼挑战者弗拉维奥·博索纳罗在周日的选举中并未赢得总统之位，但他似乎正处于获胜的良机。

他出人意料的强劲表现为拉美地区崛起中的右翼势力提供了重大助力。在右翼候选人连续七次获胜之后，巴西作为该地区人口最多的国家，成为了触手可及的最大选举奖赏。

这也代表了博索纳罗家族的一次惊人回归。四年前，博索纳罗先生的父亲雅伊尔·博索纳罗在上次选举失利后试图颠覆民主，随后被判定策划政变并被判处监禁。

弗拉维奥·博索纳罗本人克服了深陷腐败丑闻的困境，赢得了比左翼现任总统卢拉更多的选票。虽然两人在第一轮投票中都没有获得足够的选票直接胜出，但博索纳罗先生强劲的表现似乎预示着他在10月25日的两方对决中将获胜。

这是因为，周日支持各种右翼小党候选人的约900万巴西人的选票现在将成为争夺目标。绝大多数人可能会将支持转向博索纳罗先生，使他占据上风。而对于卢拉先生来说，寻找更多选票是一项艰巨得多的任务。

专家表示，该地区向右翼的转向是由一系列力量驱动的，包括对现任政府的不满、对安全和犯罪问题的日益担忧，以及向更保守价值观的转变。

数月来，民调预测两人之间的竞争将非常激烈，卢拉先生仅以微弱优势领先。这位左翼总统将自己的竞选定义为阻止博索纳罗家族重掌权力的唯一途径——此前雅伊尔·博索纳罗在失利后煽动支持者冲击首都，要求推翻选举结果。

卢拉先生还试图将自己的竞选描绘成捍卫巴西主权，以对抗特朗普政府干预该国内政的企图。

弗拉维奥·博索纳罗曾难以摆脱腐败调查，且其为父亲和暴徒寻求特赦的计划分化了选民。随后在周日，他获得了47%的选票，领先对手两个百分点，令许多人感到惊讶。

“甚至雅伊尔·博索纳罗可能也会对这个结果感到惊讶，”知名政治学家、研究机构格图利奥·瓦加斯基金会教授贾罗·尼古劳（Jairo Nicolau）表示。

如果博索纳罗先生在本月晚些时候的决选中获胜，将代表特朗普总统的一次重大胜利，因为这将赶走卢拉——他是世界领导人中对特朗普最直言不讳的对手之一，且从未回避挑战这位美国领导人。

这也将迎来一位热情的盟友，愿意协助特朗普在该地区实现主导地位的大胆计划。

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📄 Original Section

A trusty pay phone gets heritage status

know she was OK. So she lined up to use the pay phone, something she had not done since she was a child.

SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA

BY LAURA CHUNG

As wildfires raged across eastern Australia at the end of 2019, the small coastal town of Narooma found itself in the path of the flames. Fire swept around the town, knocking out the power and internet.

The only connection to the outside world? A handful of old-school pay phones.

One of them — at which hundreds lined up for hours, hoping to convey news, both good and bad, to loved ones far away — has now been added to the National Trust of Australia New South Wales Register, the peak community-based body for identifying and conserving heritage in the state. Its induction last week was the first for a pay phone in the state.

Almost 1,000 calls were made from that phone during the crisis and in two months after it, according to Telstra, the communications company that operates public phone booths in Australia. Those who waited in line shared water bottles and snacks and made friends. Among them was Lauren O'Brien Norris, 42, who had been on holiday in Narooma with her family when the wildfires tore through the region.

After the town lost mobile reception, she had been unable to contact her mother for about 24 hours to let her

Ms. O'Brien Norris said she waited as about 150 people in front of her made their calls. Whenever emergency service workers, such as firefighters, came to use the booth, they were ushered to the front of the line.

"It was 100 percent a lifeline for everybody to let their people know that they were OK," she said on Friday.

After about four hours, she finally made it to the front of the line and called her relieved mother, relaying that the family was safe. Speaking about the heritage listing, Ms. O'Brien Norris said it was a "wonderful idea," adding that "a phone box needs to be in every town."

The heritage listing does not grant the pay phone any legal protections, but it is recognition of the cultural and social role it held during the wildfires. Photos from the time show an orange, smoky sky, with people milling about the phone booth, patiently waiting their turn.

Naomi Parry Duncan, a professional historian who helped prepare the pay phone nomination, said Australia had a long history with this technology. She was in Narooma on vacation during the wildfires, which extended into 2020, and recalled the entire area being cut off.

"We're in such a kind of modern world, and that's absolutely let us down," Ms. Parry Duncan said, "and here's this old-school tech that is absolutely invaluable."

TELSTRA

A pay phone in Narooma, Australia, provided a reliable means of communication during wildfires in 2019 when mobile phone reception and internet services were unavailable.

一个出人意料的领先者

目前尚不清楚究竟是什么让博索纳罗先生处于胜利的边缘。

“弗拉维奥有可能接近卢拉，甚至超过他，”尼古劳先生说道。“但发生在巴西的是一场右翼海啸，”他补充道，“我们将花费很长时间来试图理解这一点。”

巴西所发生的情况可能反映了该地区现任领导人面临的一个更广泛的挑战：说服选民给他们更多时间来兑现承诺。

“基本上，在南美洲担任总统从来都不是件好事，”迈阿密佛罗里达国际大学的巴西研究教授吉列尔梅·卡萨罗恩斯（Guilherme Casarões）表示。该地区无论是左翼还是右翼政府，在争取连续第二个任期方面都举步维艰。

一些分析人士认为，博索纳罗先生成功地集结了至少一部分原计划投票给其他右翼竞争者的保守派选民。而对卢拉先生所属政党的失望——该党在过去近二十年的大部分时间里一直执政——也极有可能推动了其挑战者的成功。许多巴西人对普遍存在的暴力和沉重的个人债务感到担忧。

博索纳罗先生试图将他的对手与一场席卷巴西最高法院的腐败丑闻联系起来。卢拉先生则试图撇清关系，并呼吁进行司法改革。

巴西右翼的势头在国家的立法选举中也得到了充分体现，包括博索纳罗家族其他四名成员在内的右翼候选人在众议院和参议院都取得了进展。

“极右翼的全面接管，”卡萨罗恩斯先生说道。

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📄 Original Section

A boost for Brazil's right wing

NEWS ANALYSIS

RIO DE JANEIRO

DIEGO HERCULANO/REUTERS

Flávio Bolsonaro, top, the son of Brazil's former president, had a two-percentage point lead in Sunday's vote over President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, above. Mr. Bolsonaro's formidable performance appeared to foreshadow a win in a two-way contest on Oct. 25.

AMANDA PEROBELLI/REUTERS

Unexpected showing for Flávio Bolsonaro may hand him the presidency

BY ANA IONOVA

AND ADAM B. ELLICK

A surprise victory for a right-wing populist embroiled in scandal. Crushing defeat for a party deemed out of touch with its base. Supporters on the left grasping for answers.

The scene may feel familiar to Americans. This time, it unfolded in a Latin American nation thousands of miles away. And the results could profoundly reshape the region and its relations with Washington.

Brazil's right-wing challenger, Flávio Bolsonaro, didn't win the presidency in the election on Sunday, but he seemed well on his way to victory.

His surprisingly strong showing gives a significant boost to the ascendant right in Latin America, placing Brazil, the region's most populous country, within reach as the biggest electoral prize following seven straight wins by right-wing candidates.

It also represents a remarkable comeback for the Bolsonaro family four years after Mr. Bolsonaro's father, Jair Bolsonaro, tried to subvert democracy after losing the last election, was convicted of plotting a coup and sentenced to prison.

Flávio Bolsonaro himself overcame being embroiled in a corruption scandal to win more votes than the leftist incumbent, President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. While neither clinched enough ballots to win in the first round of voting, Mr. Bolsonaro's formidable performance appeared to foreshadow a win in a two-way contest on Oct. 25.

That is because the votes of some nine million Brazilians who backed various minor right-wing candidates on Sunday will now be up for grabs. The vast majority are likely to shift their support to Mr. Bolsonaro, giving him the upper hand. For Mr. Lula, finding more votes presents a far more challenging task.

The regional swing to the right is driven by an array of forces, experts say, including dissatisfaction with incumbent governments, deepening worries about security and crime and a shift toward more conservative values.

For months, polls had predicted a close race between the two men, with Mr. Lula leading by the slimmest of margins. The leftist president had framed his candidacy as the only way to halt the return of the Bolsonaro family to power after Jair Bolsonaro inspired his supporters to storm the capital after his loss, demanding that the result be overturned.

Mr. Lula had also sought to portray his candidacy as defending Brazil's sovereignty against attempts by the Trump administration to intervene in the country's domestic affairs.

Flávio Bolsonaro had struggled to shake off a corruption investigation and divided voters with his plans to seek amnesty for his father and the rioters. Then, on Sunday, he surprised many when he captured 47 percent of the vote, finishing two points ahead of his rival.

“Even Jair Bolsonaro may be surprised by this result,” said Jairo Nicolau, a prominent political scientist and professor at the Getúlio Vargas Foundation, a research institution.

A win for Mr. Bolsonaro in the runoff later this month would represent a major triumph for President Trump, ejecting Mr. Lula, one of his most outspoken foes among world leaders, who has not shied away from challenging the American leader.

It would also usher in an enthusiastic ally willing to help Mr. Trump's bold plans for dominance in the region.

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胜利之路

总统竞选现已进入极有可能陷入激烈争夺的最后阶段，两名候选人都在竞相争取数百万更多选票。然而，对于卢拉先生来说，胜利之路可能要艰巨得多。

分析人士表示，他仍有可能实现反超，特别是如果他能争取到周日未投票的 3300 万巴西人中的一部分。

在巴西，18 至 70岁的大多数人必须强制投票，不过缺席者仅面临小额罚款。今年，在首轮投票中弃权的巴西人数上升至 21 percent 的历史新高。

卢拉先生还可能成功与其他政党达成联盟，希望说服一些拒绝博索纳罗先生的中立选民将支持转向他。

55岁的工程师阿尔贝托·萨布（Alberto Saab）是周日支持第三方候选人的 8 percent 选民之一。他过去曾分别投票给过这两位候选人，但目前对于决选仍未决定。

他对左翼在教育方面的投入印象深刻，但同时也支持右翼在打击治安问题上采取的更强硬措施。“世界正处于严重的极化状态，”他说，“如果我们不能回归某种平衡中心，我认为我们将继续处于困难局面。”

特朗普介入？

特朗普先生一直是巴西总统大选中的一个变数。

在决选之前，他可能会保持沉默，公开支持博索纳罗先生，或者通过针对巴西的新措施加大压力。

去年，特朗普先生曾介入帮助博索纳罗先生的父亲避免入狱。尽管如此，年长的博索纳罗先生仍被判处 27 年监禁，但由于健康状况不佳，他在家中服刑。

特朗普先生尚未公开支持任何总统候选人，但他的政府在投票前似乎在以更微妙的方式提升博索纳罗先生的地位。这引起了巴西的警觉，巴西指责美国试图干预其选举，并建立了防火墙以试图保护其民主免受威胁。

弗拉维奥·博索纳罗已采取措施让自己与特朗普先生以及该地区其他右翼领导人结盟，呼应了对毒品帮派发起强硬打击的计划，而这些帮派已成为许多普通巴西人的主要担忧。

而且，与特朗普先生一样，博索纳罗先生现在正寻求重写自己国家的历史。

本报道由来自里约热内卢的 Isabela Cruz 和 Leonardo Coelho，来自巴西圣保罗的 Seth Kugel，以及来自巴西利亚的 Thayz Guimarães 和 Alice Maciel 共同贡献。

西班牙住房问题或成领导人救命稻草

新闻分析

驱逐房客案件可能凝聚首相的左翼基本盘，而他在民调中目前处于劣势

作者：杰森·霍罗维茨（JASON HOROWITZ）

西班牙首相佩德罗·桑切斯（Pedro Sánchez）是欧洲顶尖的政治“脱困大师”之一，在执政近十年后，他数月来一直在徒劳地寻找一条维持权力的路径。

他曾试图通过将自己塑造为特朗普总统的制衡力量，在环境和伊朗战争等问题上与对方发生冲突，从而凝聚其左翼基本盘。但桑切斯核心圈子内部的丑闻不断将其拖累。

他为超过100万名无证移民提供了获得合法身份的途径，并将其描述为经济持续增长的关键，这为他赢得了左翼的赞赏。然而，7月份有80,000名移民混乱地涌入西班牙在北非的飞地休达（Ceuta），使这一局面变得复杂，反而给保守派反对党注入了活力。

因此，当包括许多保守派在内的西班牙议员在周五否决了桑切斯提出的紧急租客保护方案（该方案在西班牙左翼人士中很受欢迎）时，他将这次失败视为夺回政治主动权的机遇。

他终止了连续第三届政府的运作，宣布在11月29日举行提前选举，并在周一早晨的一次全国电视演讲中，将这次竞争定格为在“后退还是继续前进”之间做出选择。

这些住房保护措施原计划将暂停驱逐房客直至2030年，旨在回应公众对上个月马德里一名87岁老人被驱逐出住房事件的愤怒。桑切斯的少数派联合政府缺乏足够的议员来独立通过该方案。通过就此问题进行投票，桑切斯希望给西班牙左翼人士一个让他重新掌权的原因，并且这一次是获得多数席位。

在民调中处于劣势的桑切斯表示，西班牙人现在必须在加入“那股无论在何处执政都带来退步的极右翼浪潮”与让西班牙继续作为“开放、社会正义和环境责任的堡垒”之间做出选择。

此次要求重新选举，加剧了欧洲的一段动荡期：法国学生抗议学校条件恶劣，德国工业下滑且极右翼政党激增，而通货膨胀似乎在各地攀升。在整个欧洲大陆，尽管人口萎缩、工业衰落且债务利息支出激增，各国政府仍在苦苦寻找维持免费医疗和丰厚养老金福利模式的方法。对缺乏解决方案的挫败感，助长了那些利用不满情绪获利的强硬右翼政党的崛起。

桑切斯将自己的政府描绘成对抗这些极右翼势力的最后阵地。他所愿景的——一个倾向于丰厚社会福利、民权保护和增加移民的大政府——在欧洲版图上正日益消褪。他希望西班牙人能将这次选举视为一个具有超越国界意义的标志性分叉路口。

桑切斯拥有一些数据来支持自己的立场。在他的政府领导下，西班牙经济近年来已成为欧盟增长最快的经济体之一，有时占据了该集团总增长的大部分。税收大幅增加，国库充盈，失业率下降。可再生能源现在为西班牙的大部分电力提供动力，最低工资有所提高。西班牙甚至赢得了世界杯。

该国主要的保守派反对党人民党（Popular Party）则认为，桑切斯的政绩毁誉参半，并旨在将即将到来的选举变成一场针对桑切斯本人的全民公投。

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📄 Original Section

A PATHWAY TO VICTORY

AYAHWA TO VICTORY

Now, the presidential contest is headed for what is likely to be a bitterly contested final leg, with both candidates racing to capture millions of more votes. Yet the pathway to victory may prove far more daunting for Mr. Lula.

Analysts said he could still stage a comeback, particularly if he could win over some of the 33 million Brazilians who skipped Sunday's vote.

In Brazil, voting is mandatory for most people from the ages of 18 to 70, though absentees face only a small fine. This year, the number of Brazilians who sat out the first round rose to a record high of 21 percent.

Mr. Lula may also succeed in striking coalitions with other parties in hopes of persuading some moderate voters who reject Mr. Bolsonaro to shift their support to him.

Alberto Saab, 55, an engineer, is among the 8 percent of voters on Sunday who supported a third-party candidate. He has voted for both candidates in the past, but remains undecided so far for the runoff.

He has been impressed with leftist investment in education, yet he also supports the right's bolder measures to combat security. "The world is very polarized," he said. "If we don't return to some sort of center of balance, I think we'll remain in a difficult situation."

ENTER TRUMP?

Mr. Trump has been a wild card in Brazil's presidential race.

Ahead of the runoff, he could stay quiet, openly endorse Mr. Bolsonaro or ratchet up pressure with new measures aimed at Brazil.

Last year, Mr. Trump stepped in to help Mr. Bolsonaro's father avoid a prison term. Nevertheless, the elder Mr. Bolsonaro was sentenced to 27 years in prison, though he is serving his term at home because of poor health.

Mr. Trump has not championed any presidential candidate, though his administration has appeared to lift Mr. Bolsonaro in more subtle ways ahead of the vote. This has alarmed Brazil, which has accused the United States of trying to sway its elections and has put up a firewall to try to shield its democracy from threats.

Flávio Bolsonaro has taken steps to align himself with Mr. Trump and other right-wing leaders in the region, echoing plans to mount a hard-line attack on the drug gangs that have become a major concern for many ordinary Brazilians.

And, like Mr. Trump, Mr. Bolsonaro is now looking to rewrite his own nation's history.

Reporting was contributed by Isabela Cruz and Leonardo Coelho from Rio de Janeiro; Seth Kugel from São Paulo, Brazil; and Thayz Guimarães and Alice Maciel from Brasília.

西班牙首相佩德罗·桑切斯（Pedro Sánchez）核心圈子中的丑闻持续令其陷入困境。

他的批评者抓住了一系列腐败案件——包括他曾在社会党中最亲近的顾问、他的妻子及其兄弟（他们对此予以否认）——以此将现政权描绘成一个滥用权力的腐败政权。批评者指出，由于其少数派联盟在议会中缺乏足够票数，已连续三年未能通过国家预算，而桑切斯先生曾表示，任何合法政府都不应如此。这一切使西班牙陷入极化，并使西班牙右翼产生强烈的动力将其赶下台。

“最终，西班牙将表达其真实想法，”人民党（Popular Party）领导人阿尔贝托·努涅斯·费霍（Alberto Núñez Feijóo）在周一的新闻发布会上表示。

但人民党缺乏独立执政的足够支持，可能需要与极右翼的Vox党联手才能夺权。近年来，尤其是在塞乌塔（Ceuta）危机引发对移民问题的担忧日益增加之际，Vox党的支持率大幅上升。

在某些方面，Vox党的声量越大，桑切斯先生就越容易通过恐吓其自由派基本盘以及这个极化国家的温和派选民，从而促使他们团结在自己身边。但分析人士表示，桑切斯先生通过将自己与右翼“洪水猛兽”进行对比的策略已经失去了效力。

专家表示，住房问题为桑切斯先生提供了另一个逃生路径，部分原因在于这有助于他重新激活专家估计的约 140 万名左翼选民，这些人此前更有可能在下次选举中弃权。

“此次竞选的明确目标将是动员这些选民，”马德里卡洛斯三世大学政治学教授帕布罗·西蒙（Pablo Simón）表示。

卡洛斯·巴拉甘（Carlos Barragán）在马德里参与了报道。

VIOLETA SANTOS MOURA / REUTERS

西班牙首相佩德罗·桑切斯在周五关于租房者保护的投票期间。

📄 Original Section

Housing issue in Spain may be leader's lifeline

NEWS ANALYSIS

Eviction case could rally left-wing base of the prime minister, who trails in polls

BY JASON HOROWITZ

Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez of Spain, one of Europe's premier political escape artists, had searched in vain for months for a route to remain in power after nearly a decade in office.

He had tried to rally his left-wing base by presenting himself as a counterweight to President Trump, clashing with him on issues like the environment and the war in Iran. But scandals among Mr. Sánchez' inner circle kept dragging him down.

He won leftist plaudits for giving a pathway to legal status to more than a million undocumented people, whom he presented as critical to the economy's continued growth. But a chaotic surge of 80,000 migrants in July into Ceuta, a Spanish exclave in North Africa, muddied that picture and instead gave the conservative opposition a shot of energy.

So when Spanish lawmakers, including many conservatives, rejected Mr. Sánchez' proposal on Friday for emergency renter protections popular with left-wing Spaniards, he seized on the defeat as an opportunity to regain the political initiative.

He pulled the plug on his third consecutive government, called for early elections on Nov. 29 and, in a nationally televised speech on Monday morning, framed the contest as a choice “to move backward or to keep moving forward.”

The housing protections, which would have suspended evictions until 2030, were made in response to public outrage over the eviction last month of an 87-year-old woman in Madrid. Mr. Sánchez' minority coalition government lacked enough lawmakers to pass it on its own. By going to the polls over the issue, Mr. Sánchez hoped to give left-wing Spaniards a reason to return him power, this time with a majority.

Mr. Sánchez, who is trailing in the polls, said Spaniards must now choose between joining “that far-right wave that brings regression wherever it governs” or keeping Spain as “a bastion of openness, social justice and environmental responsibility.”

The call for new elections adds to a period of destabilization in Europe, with students protesting poor school conditions in France, an industrial downturn and a far-right party surge in Germany, and inflation going up seemingly everywhere. Across the continent, governments are struggling to find ways to sustain a welfare model that guarantees free health care and generous pensions even as populations shrink, industry declines and debt interest payments spike. Frustration with a lack of solutions has helped fuel the rise of hard-right parties who have capitalized on the discontent.

Mr. Sánchez has portrayed his government as a last holdout against those far-right forces. His vision for a big government that favors generous social benefits, civil rights protections and increased immigration is increasingly fading from the European landscape. He hopes that Spaniards will see the election as an emblematic fork in the road with significance beyond its borders.

Mr. Sánchez has some data to bolster his position. Under his government, the Spanish economy in recent years has emerged as one of the European Union's fastest-growing, at times accounting for a large chunk of the bloc's total growth. Tax revenue has shot up, the nation's coffers have filled up and unemployment has shrunk. Renewable energy now powers much of the electricity in Spain, and the minimum wage has increased. Spain even won the World Cup.

The country's main conservative opposition party, the Popular Party, argues that Mr. Sánchez' record is much more mixed and aims to make the coming election a referendum on Mr. Sánchez himself.

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俄罗斯试图平息关于西伯利亚爆发瘟疫的猜测

官员说法矛盾且呼吁“不要散布谣言”

作者：伊万·内切普伦科（IVAN NECHEPURENKO）

传闻已流传数日。称一名年轻的实验室工作人员在西伯利亚死于疑似瘟疫。称当局担心疫情可能扩散，已对数百人实施隔离。

虽然具体信息匮乏，但相互矛盾的报道层出不穷。

负责疾病控制的俄罗斯消费者监管机构仅表示，“伊尔库茨克地区一家抗瘟疫研究所的一名员工”被诊断出患有原因不明的“肺炎”。

官方口径

俄罗斯消费者监管机构未透露该员工的姓名。在由国家新闻媒体转载并分段发布的声明中，该机构表示，“在患者样本中未发现与其职业活动相关的微生物”，且在其接触者中“未发现与感染性病理相关的健康变化”。

该机构还表示，一个委员会检查了伊尔库茨克抗瘟疫研究所对“生物安全要求”的遵守情况，“未发现涉及病原微生物的紧急情况”。

伊尔库茨克研究所对包括瘟疫在内的多种传染病进行研究，瘟疫是由一种细菌引起的。虽然全球每年有数百例病例，主要分布在非洲，但如果能早期发现，瘟疫可以通过抗生素轻松治疗。

消费者监管机构在声明中补充称，伊尔库茨克地区的“卫生和流行病学情况”保持“稳定”。

该声明于周日发布，就在关于伊尔库茨克地区发生更令人担忧事件的初步报道出现两天后。该地区位于莫斯科以东约 2,600 英里（4,200 公里）处。

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矛盾的陈述

潜在问题的首个迹象出现在周五，当时伊尔库茨克州州长表示，他与俄罗斯首席卫生医师就“一名居民疑似感染某种特别危险的传染病”举行了“一次紧急会议”。

州长伊戈尔·I·科布泽夫（Igor I. Kobzev）在社交媒体上写道，该居民的所有“已确认接触者”均已“被置于医学观察之下”。

当天，靠近州府伊尔库茨克市的谢列霍夫镇（Shelekhov）市长表示，他收到了居民的“许多询问”，并可以确认当地医院的住院部已关闭以进行隔离。

市长马克西姆·N·莫丁（Maksim N. Modin）表示，医院的实验室已停止运行。他敦促居民“不要散布谣言”。

邻近的布里亚特共和国（Buryatia）领导人阿列克谢·齐代诺夫（Aleksei Tsydenov）率先正式提出了鼠疫的可能性。他在周五表示，“在伊尔库茨克州死于鼠疫的女性”没有访问过布里亚特。他随后在一家与政府相关的即时通讯应用上更新了帖子，将措辞改为“可能死于鼠疫”。

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潜在的实验室泄漏引发了与新冠肺炎（Covid-19）的对比，但专家认为风险有限。

次日，距离伊尔库茨克市约 50 英里的拜卡尔斯克镇（Baikalsk）当局在一份建议不要前往谢列霍夫的声明中，引用了关于“一例鼠疫病例”的“非官方信息”。该声明发布在 Telegram 上，随后被删除。

联邦新闻网络 Ren-TV 的至少三篇帖子也被删除，其中一篇点名了死去的实验室工作人员，并报道称她曾研究鼠疫。

谢列霍夫市长莫丁先生周一表示，消费者监管机构已将情况“严格控制”，并补充说，“一套防疫措施正在实施中”。

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理论与推测

当地新闻媒体描绘的情况则更为阴暗。地区媒体《拜卡尔之人》（Lyudi Baikala）报道称，除了谢列霍夫医院外，伊尔库茨克的其他诊所和一个产科病房也已关闭。

当地记者帕维尔·斯特潘诺夫（Pavel Stepanov）在他的 Telegram 频道上写道，一名年轻的实验室助手打破了一个测试瓶并死亡。在周一的一篇后续帖子中，斯特潘诺夫先生为自己的报道辩护，并质疑为什么一些政府机构和亲克里姆林宫的新闻机构删除了关于伊尔库茨克的声明和报道。

他说，当局“应该调查这一切是否是我们的敌人实施的破坏活动，他们的手段正变得越来越复杂”。

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有理由恐惧吗？

美国和欧盟的官员表示，他们已知晓并正在监测有关伊尔库茨克的报道。

潜在的实验室泄漏和对疾病的恐惧引发了一些与新冠肺炎（Covid-19）的对比，但专家表示，即使鼠疫得到确认，风险也将是有限的。人类鼠疫病例每年都会发生，且治疗相对简单。

英国雷丁大学的病毒学家伊恩·琼斯（Ian Jones）教授在电子邮件声明中表示，伊尔库茨克的病例“看起来像是一起罕见的实验室事故，不太可能进一步扩散”。

奥列格·马茨涅夫（Oleg Matsnev）、迈克尔·梅森（Michael Mason）和科巴·里克瓦特（Koba Ryckewaert）参与了报道。

照片由 ARLETTE BASHIZI 为《纽约时报》拍摄

左上：刚果民主共和国曼加拉的一个村庄。右上：马夫·利里帕（Mave Liripa）在镇医院外抱着她的婴儿女儿。她的 8 岁儿子上个月死于埃博拉症状。右上方：疑似感染埃博拉的患者坐在救护车内。

面对埃博拉疫情，外部援助抵达该镇时间过晚

埃博拉报道，见第1页

专家表示，曼加拉发生的情况凸显了此次埃博拉疫情为何成为刚果民主共和国有史以来规模最大且增长最快的疫情。

“对于流行病而言，响应越慢，规模就越大，”联合国高级埃博拉响应协调员朱利安·哈内斯（Julien Harneis）表示。

当地的卫生工作者对曼加拉响应滞后的原因给出了几种解释。其中一个问题是：该镇酒店很少，迫使援助人员每天必须从地区首府布尼亚（Bunia）往返三小时车程。这条坑洼不平的道路尘土飞扬，以至于司机有时因为视线受阻而不得不停车；而下雨后，道路则可能因过于泥泞而无法通行。

暴力反政府武装有时会在进入城镇的土路沿线设立检查站。世界卫生组织（W.H.O.）一名拥有多年抗击该病毒经验的高级官员卢卡·丰塔纳（Luca Fontana）表示，外国援助的削减迫使卫生工作者在已经匮乏的资源中做出痛苦的选择，包括在何处建立埃博拉中心。

然而，一些国际卫生工作者在私下里表示，曼加拉纯粹是被忽视了。非洲疾控中心（Africa C.D.C.）应急负责人韦萨姆·曼库拉（Wessam Mankoula）博士承认曼加拉存在这一问题，并表示在每个受病毒影响的卫生区建立治疗中心是很困难的。

当世界卫生组织在5月中旬宣布疫情爆发时，伊图里省已经出现了数百例埃博拉病例，这使得整体响应从一开始就处于被动局面。但蒙格瓦卢（Mongbwalu）、布尼亚和尼齐（Nizi）等城镇的卫生团队迅速动员起来，向社区普及感染知识。

当地官员表示，在这些工作开展的同时，曼加拉仍处于孤立无援的状态。

当《纽约时报》在9月访问该镇时，处处可见遏制病毒斗争的痕迹。即将建立的治疗中心将由国际人道主义医疗慈善机构 Alima 运营，而目前那里仅是一片红土地。

与此同时，曼加拉依赖于区医院。在疫情爆发的最初几个月里，埃博拉患者被安置在一栋没有窗户、地面为土层且通风极差的泥屋中治疗。

9月的一个下午，卫生工作者在使用了防护服后将其焚烧，合成材料在烈火中爆裂，黑烟直冲云霄。

火场距离村民可以进入的区域仅几码之遥。

伊图里省的大多数治疗中心被严格划分为绿色区域和红色区域。患者和埃博拉疑似病例被安置在红色区域，而任何。

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一位医生表示，在每个受埃博拉影响的卫生区建立治疗中心十分困难。

进入红区的人员必须穿着防护服。在独立的绿区，医护人员和访客可以安全进入，与患者保持距离交谈，或通过塑料屏风进行沟通。

但在曼加拉的地区医院，工作人员表示，出现病毒症状的人员在中央的草坪庭院中自由走动。

26岁的马夫·利里帕（Mave Liripa）于9月与母亲以及1岁的女儿贾斯汀·恩加布西（Justine Ngabusi）一同来到医院。利里帕女士表示，三人均出现了发烧和呕吐等埃博拉症状。

她表示，她8岁的儿子在前一周死于埃博拉症状，家人将其埋在家中。

穿着防护装备的护士采集了该家人的血液样本以送检。护士让这家人坐在长凳上，而那里紧邻着患有其他无关疾病的患者。

“这里到处都是红区，”曼加拉的医疗主任雅克·萨沃·巴穆希加（Jacques Savo Bamuhiga）医生说。巴穆希加医生表示，该医院已有五名护士和一名医生感染了埃博拉，其中一名护士已经死亡。

政府在危机开始时停止向曼加拉医院的工作人员支付薪资。政府没有给出暂停支付的原因，但医生们表示，这一决定打击了士气，并阻碍了组织应对工作的努力。

医院治疗能增加患者康复的机会，这有助于说服居民相信，在有人患病时向医务工作者披露病情是有益的。埃博拉患者在疾病末期以及刚去世后具有最强的传染性，因此安全埋葬至关重要。

所有这些措施都能减少社区传播。但人们必须首先被说服，允许患病的亲属在医院而非家中接受治疗。

在曼加拉，直到8月才建立起一支初创的外展团队。工作人员表示，因此，关于医院向患者注射埃博拉病毒的恐惧在镇上不受控制地蔓延。居民们抵制这家医院，甚至直到9月初，在疫情爆发前通常挤满患者的治疗室依然空空如也。

巴穆希加医生表示，除了家庭治疗和不安全埋葬导致的社区传播增加外，更多的人死于与病毒无关的疾病，因为他们太害怕去医院了。

最近，曼加拉及其附近村庄的埃博拉应对团队被分配了一辆救护车，但几位居民表示，他们有时要等待好几天车才到。

这辆四轮驱动的救护车在最近的一个下午接走了六名患者。患者们匆忙挤进车的长凳座位。护士们别无选择，只能将三名疑似埃博拉患者与患有无关疾病的患者挤在一起。

如果救援能早些到达，曼加拉能挽救多少人的生命很难确定。巴穆希加医生将该镇官方记录的埃博拉死亡人数定为165人，但他说这个数字未能反映在家里死亡的许多病例。

22岁的博纳尔·恩贾布（Bonheur Njabu）的命运反映了许多其他人的情况。

据其母亲珍妮·恩加韦（Jeanne Ngawey）称，当他出现埃博拉症状时，起初一直保密。当他最终告诉她自己生病时，她匆忙赶往村里，但没有救护车能将他送往医院。

恩加韦女士能拿到的唯一药物来自一家当地的小药店。她说，尽管她尽了努力，儿子还是去世了。一天后，一支卫生工作者团队将他安葬在镇上的红土地中。

吊唁者中包括当地青年委员会主席，25岁的奥利维尔·阿里克（Olivier Alike）。他目睹了疫情在曼加拉的肆虐。

“我希望一切都能回到原来的样子，”他说。

📄 Original Section

Outside aid arrived late for town facing Ebola

EBOLA, FROM PAGE 1

Experts say that what happened in Mangala underscores how this Ebola outbreak became the largest and fastest-growing that Congo has ever seen.

"With an epidemic, the slower the response, the bigger it grows," said Julien Harneis, a senior Ebola response coordinator for the United Nations.

Health workers here offered several explanations as to why the response lagged in Mangala. One issue: the town has few hotels, forcing aid workers to make a three-hour trip each day from Bunia, the regional capital. The rutted road is so dusty that drivers sometimes have to stop because they cannot see, while after rains it can become too muddy to navigate.

Violent insurgents sometimes impose checkpoints along the dirt road leading into town. Foreign aid cuts have forced health workers to make painful choices about already scarce resources, including where to build Ebola centers, said Luca Fontana, a senior W.H.O. official with years of experience fighting the virus.

Privately, however, some international health workers said that Mangala was simply overlooked. Dr. Wessam Mankoula, head of emergencies at Africa C.D.C., acknowledged the concern in Mangala and said that it was difficult to establish treatment centers in every health zone affected by the virus.

When the W.H.O. declared an outbreak in mid-May, there were already hundreds of Ebola cases in Ituri Province, setting the overall response on the back foot from the start. But health teams in towns such as Mongbwalu, Bunia and Nizi, were quickly mobilized to educate communities on infection.

As those efforts were underway, Mangala remained on its own, officials here say.

When The New York Times visited the town in September, signs of the struggle to contain the virus were everywhere. The coming treatment center, which will be run by the international humanitarian medical charity Alima, was just a patch of red earth.

In the meantime, Mangala relies on the district hospital, where in the early months of the outbreak, Ebola patients were treated in a mud house with no windows, an earthen floor and little ventilation.

One afternoon in September, health workers set fire to their protective clothing after use, sending dark smoke skyward as the synthetic material burst into flames.

The fire burned yards from an area accessible to villagers.

Most treatment centers in Ituri Province are strictly divided into green and red zones. Patients and suspected Ebola cases are kept in the red zone, and any-

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波斯湾袭击加剧能源担忧

作者：丽莎·弗里德曼（LISA FRIEDMAN）和珍妮·格罗斯（JENNY GROSS）

自9月28日以来，在霍尔木兹海峡及其周边地区至少有11艘油轮遭到袭击，这有力地提醒人们，近期来自这个动荡地区的出口增长是建立在一系列脆弱的权宜之计之上的。

随着中东面临陷入更深战争的风险，无人机和导弹袭击仍在继续。周日，由沙特支持的也门政府宣布对伊朗支持的胡塞武装发起大规模军事行动。在此之前，胡塞武装袭击了沙特阿拉伯的关键石油基础设施。

这些袭击凸显了海湾石油出口国所面临的令人不安的现实。美国军队为寻求通过霍尔木兹海峡运输石油的船只提供了保护；在七个多月前美国和以色列对其发动攻击后，伊朗声称对该海峡拥有控制权。但日益增加的风险继续笼罩着全球能源贸易。

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📄 Original Section

One doctor said that it was difficult to establish treatment centers in every health zone affected by Ebola.

one entering must wear protective clothing. In the separate green zone, medical staff members and visitors can enter safely, talking with patients at a distance or through plastic screens.

But at the regional hospital in Mangala, staff members said people with signs of the virus circulated freely across a central, grassy courtyard.

Mave Liripa, 26, came to the hospital with her mother and 1-year-old daughter, Justine Ngabusi, in September. All three showed signs of Ebola, including fever and vomiting, Ms. Liripa said.

Ms. Liripa's 8-year-old son had died with Ebola symptoms the previous week, and the family buried him at home, she said.

Nurses wearing protective gear took blood samples from the family to be sent for testing. Nurses told the family to sit on a bench, which was near patients with unrelated illnesses.

"Everywhere is a red zone here," said Dr. Jacques Savo Bamuhiga, the medical director in Mangala. Five nurses and a doctor have contracted Ebola at the hospital already, and one nurse has died, Dr. Bamuhiga said.

The government stopped paying Mangala's hospital staff at the start of the crisis. It gave no reason for the suspension, but the decision damaged morale and hindered efforts to organize a response, doctors said.

Hospital treatment increases the chances of patient recovery, which helps to convince residents of the benefits of disclosing to medical workers when someone is ill. Ebola patients are most infectious in the final days of the illness and just after death, making safe burials essential.

All this reduces community transmission. But people must first be persuaded to allow sick relatives to be treated in hospitals rather than at home.

In Mangala, a fledgling outreach team was not established until August. As a result, fears spread unchecked through the town that the hospital was injecting its patients with Ebola, staff members said. Residents boycotted the hospital and, even as late as early September, treatment rooms that were usually packed with patients before the outbreak remained empty.

On top of the elevated community transmission caused by home treatment and unsafe burials, more people have died of conditions unrelated to the virus because they were too afraid to go to the hospital, Dr. Bamuhiga said.

A single ambulance was recently assigned to the Ebola response team in Mangala and nearby villages, but several residents said they have sometimes waited days for its arrival.

The ambulance, a four-wheel drive, picked up six patients on a recent afternoon. The patients scrambled into the car's bench seats. Nurses had no choice but to cram three suspected Ebola patients next to patients with unrelated illnesses.

How many people could have been saved in Mangala had help arrived sooner is difficult to determine. Dr. Bamuhiga put the official Ebola death toll in the town at 165, but said that number failed to reflect the many deaths at home.

The fate of Bonheur Njabu, 22, reflects that of many others.

When he fell ill with Ebola symptoms, he initially kept it secret, according to his mother, Jeanne Ngawey. When he finally told her he was sick, she hurried to the village, but no ambulance was available to take him to the hospital.

The only drugs Ms. Ngawey could get were from a tiny local pharmacy. Despite her efforts, her son died, she said. One day later, a team of health workers laid him to rest in the town's red earth.

Among the mourners was the president of the local youth council, Olivier Alike, 25. He had witnessed the outbreak as it tore through Mangala.

"I would like everything to go back to how it was before," he said.

石油出口量处于战争爆发以来的最高水平。

“很少有人预料到，全球最关键的能源动脉近乎关闭的状态会持续这么久，或者其影响会扩散得如此广泛，”国家石油公司沙特阿美（Saudi Aramco）首席执行官阿明·纳赛尔（Amin Nasser）周一在伦敦举行的能源情报论坛（Energy Intelligence Forum）演讲中表示。

他补充道：“这是我职业生涯中最糟糕的危机之一，而我的职业生涯很长。”

全球基准布伦特原油价格在本周初波动不大，维持在每桶100美元左右。分析师表示，自战争以来油价的大幅上涨在近几周得到了抑制，原因是波斯湾的石油出口量有所增加，且已达到战争爆发以来的最高水平。

周五，包括英国、法国和日本在内的七国集团（G7）表示，他们已同意在未来四个月内释放柴油和原油的应急储备。

分析师表示，这种多国联合释放备份供应的行为（自3月以来的第二次）最终可能只能暂时缓解高价和短缺问题。一名日本高级官员周一表示，该国已经动用了储备，目前没有进一步释放的计划。

纳赛尔先生表示，目前全球的石油库存“薄得惊人”，并警告称，补充国家库存可能需要长达两年的时间。

他指出，当伊朗战争开始时，全球拥有约100亿桶石油储备——这一水平此后已下降至约60亿桶。

“在霍尔木兹海峡完全重新开放且信心恢复之前，残酷的现实是，原油桶的两端压力都将加剧，”他说道。

他呼吁国际社会在储备、应急计划和其他措施方面加强协调。

沙特阿拉伯是全球最重要的石油供应商之一，因此，其原油交付能力若受到任何长期干扰，都将严重动摇全球市场。

纳赛尔先生的这番言论是也门政府宣布对胡塞武装发起大规模军事行动后的首次表态。

周六，胡塞武装声称一次导弹和无人机袭击导致位于利雅得的一处沙特阿美设施起火。《纽约时报》核实的视频显示，该市一家属于该公司的炼油厂发生了火灾。

纳赛尔先生周一对周末的这次袭击以及上个月针对沙特阿拉伯关键东西管道的无人机袭击淡化处理。

“我们的系统完好无损，”纳赛尔先生说。他拒绝提供关于管道受损程度的细节。

尽管如此，伊朗对船只的袭击频率有所增加。“任何一次袭击都会引发全球危机，”纳赛尔先生说。

River Akira Davis 为本报道提供了来自东京的素材。

伊朗老旧飞机无视美国制裁

伊朗报道，见第 1 页

7月，一架马汉航空（Mahan Air）的波音 777 飞机抵达伊朗纳杰夫的纳杰夫国际机场，机上载有伊朗最高领袖阿亚图拉·阿里·哈梅内伊的灵柩，后者于2月在美国和以色列的袭击中丧生。

“这可能是某种权衡，”恐怖融资研究中心高级研究员埃马努埃莱·奥托伦吉（Emanuele Ottolenghi）表示，他数十年来一直研究伊朗的网络。“保持我们的航班开放，而我们会允许你们的油轮通行。”

一些国家可能也在尝试进行某种大国对冲。

美国最新一轮针对为伊朗航空公司提供维修、票务或燃料的公司所实施的制裁，威胁要将违规者排除在基于美元的金融体系之外。

中国作为该体系以及其所谓的美国“非法单边制裁”的强烈批评者，增加了德黑兰与包括广州、上海和北京在内的几个城市之间的航班。

华盛顿近东政策研究所高级研究员法尔津·纳迪米（Farzin Nadimi）表示，对于那些决心避免被视为结盟于任何一个超级大国的国家来说，向伊朗提供有限的服务让他们能够“在某种程度上处于中间位置”。“新的马汉航空航班看起来像是适度的商业和旅游联系。”

事实上，在机场办理登机手续的队伍中，有十几个人表示他们是参加跟团游而来的，行程包括在越南游览一周的海滩和景点。少数人携带了青色圆锥形帽子作为纪念品。许多人将这次旅行描述为一种与来自伊朗境外的亲戚会面，并从低烈度战争带来的沉重生活压力中获得喘息的方式。

但分析人士怀疑，旅游是否是，或者将是这架飞机的唯一使命。

自 2011 年起，马汉航空因涉嫌“双用途”违规行为而被美国财政部制裁，这些行为包括为伊朗政权运输武器、军事人员、大宗现金和黄金。在西方情报机构中，它主要被认为是由伊朗伊斯兰革命卫队运行且为其服务的航空公司。

今年 4 月，美国官员在一份声明中专门点名并制裁了 EP-MTE 飞机，指控马汉航空在全球范围内运输无人机。

几个月后，特朗普总统更新了针对恐怖主义的行政命令，实施了针对伊朗航空业的更广泛制裁。财政部以马汉航空为例，证明了这些措施的合理性。

“让这成为任何与伊朗剩余航空公司做生意的人的警告，我们今天对所有这些公司都实施了制裁，”财政部长斯科特·贝森特（Scott Bessent）在 9 月的一份声明中表示。“你们面临被切断与全球金融系统联系的风险。”

运营越南机场的国营公司以及越南外交部均未回应置评请求。

尽管美国发出威胁，EP-MTE 仍在飞行。

航空记录显示，它是 2001 年至 2003 年间交付给新加坡航空的五架波音 777-200ER 之一，随后转交给一家在疫情期间破产的泰国廉价航空公司。这导致该飞机在澳大利亚沙漠中存放了近三年。随后，在 2023, 一家在佛罗里达州注册的壳公司 Ion Aviation 购买了这些飞机并将其转移到中国，之后另一家公司 Udaan Aviation 在马达加斯加注册了这批飞机。追踪数据显示，这些飞机于 2025 年 7 月从柬埔寨飞往伊朗。

如此大规模的收购带来了法律风险；去年，马达加斯加有 22 人被拘留，被指控伪造与转移相关的文件。

但安全问题仍然是挥之不去的担忧。航空爱好者指出，对于所有五架飞机来说，在澳大利亚飞机坟场长时间的存放极有可能导致燃油管路、橡胶密封件和金属发动机盖的性能下降。

自2022年俄罗斯袭击乌克兰以来，受制裁影响的俄罗斯航空公司也面临着类似的挑战。其中一家公司 S7 在2024年因缺乏维护而将其空客 A320 / 1neo 机队停飞。

“这凸显了针对民航的制裁如何产生影响，但这种影响是缓慢的，”欧洲对外关系委员会高级政策研究员阿加特·德马赖斯（Agathe Demarais）表示，“此类制裁本质上是该国航空公司的定时炸弹。”

在总统巴拉克·奥巴马与伊朗协商的核协议生效的短暂期间，航空销售获得了豁免，这或许给了伊朗储备关键零部件的机会。分析人士表示，伊朗还可能在拆解其他飞机以获取零件。伦敦智库 Bourse & Bazaar 基金会专注于制裁负面影响的政策研究员约瑟芬·佩特里克（Josefine Petrick）将其称为“像拼图一样拼凑飞机”。

这种方法在一段时间内可能奏效。航班追踪显示，9月28日从胡志明市起飞的航班已安全降落在德黑兰。但不可否认的是，这增加了额外的危险。

EP-MTE 是马汉航空（Mahan）用于飞越亚洲的至少两架旧 777 飞机之一。另一架是 EP-MTB。每架飞机可搭载 200 多名乘客。随着时间的推移，机械风险像利息一样复合增长，从而引发了关于责任的复杂问题。

如果马汉航空的一架 777 飞机坠毁，谁，或者哪个国家或公司将承担责任？

“制裁国家需要意识到并考虑到他们所推动的政策所带来的间接影响，”佩特里克女士说道。

她补充道：“伊朗的飞机运行时间通常是其他国家两倍之多。在某种程度上，这些真的就是等待发生的灾难。”

董悟（Tung Ngo）在河内参与了此次报道。

📄 Original Section

Oil exports are at the highest levels since the war began.

“Few expected a near closure of the world's most critical energy artery to last so long, or its impact to spread so widely,” Amin Nasser, chief executive of Saudi Aramco, the national oil company, said in a speech to the Energy Intelligence Forum in London on Monday.

He added, "This is one of the worst crises of my career, and my career is long."

The price of Brent crude oil, the global benchmark, was little changed early this week, hovering around \$100 a barrel. Analysts said the big run-up in oil prices since the war had been held in check in recent weeks by the increase in oil exports from the Persian Gulf, which have reached higher levels than at any point since the start of the war.

And on Friday, the Group of 7 nations, which includes Britain, France and Japan, said they had agreed to release emergency stocks of diesel and crude over the next four months.

The multinational release of backup supplies — the second since March — could end up providing only temporarily relief from high prices and shortages, analysts said. A top Japanese official said on Monday that the country, which has already tapped its stockpiles, had no plans for further releases.

Mr. Nasser said the world's current oil stockpiles were “scarily thin” and warned that replenishing national inventories could take as long as two years.

When the war in Iran began, he noted, the world had about 10 billion barrels of oil stocks — a level that has since fallen to about six billion.

"Until Hormuz fully reopens and confidence returns, the crude reality is that pressure at both ends of the barrel will intensify," he said.

He called on the international community to coordinate better on stockpiling, emergency planning and other measures.

Saudi Arabia is one of the world's most important suppliers of oil, so any extended disruptions to its ability to deliver crude would severely destabilize global markets.

Mr. Nasser's remarks were his first since the Yemeni government announced its major military campaign against the Houthi militia.

On Saturday, the Houthis claimed a missile and drone attack had caused fires at a facility owned by Saudi Aramco in Riyadh. Videos verified by The New York Times showed a fire at an oil refinery in the city belonging to the company.

Mr. Nasser on Monday downplayed the attack over the weekend, as well as a drone attack last month on Saudi Arabia's critical East-West pipeline.

"Our system is intact," Mr. Nasser said. He declined to offer details on how much damage the pipeline had sustained.

Still, Iran's attacks on ships have increased in frequency. "Any attack comes with a global crisis," Mr. Nasser said.

River Akira Davis contributed reporting from Tokyo.

竞选途中，特朗普的焦点依然是特朗普

新闻分析

总统特朗普在俄亥俄州为参议员乔恩·休斯顿（Jon Husted）助选。在俄亥俄州，许多选民对数据中心和不断上涨的公用事业成本感到担忧，休斯顿面临着一场艰苦的竞争。

KENNY HOLSTON / THE NEW YORK TIMES

他的策略没有改变，但中期选举的候选人们正面临着新的挑战

作者：凯蒂·罗杰斯（KATIE ROGERS）

如果说总统特朗普早期的政治集会感觉像是座无虚席的摇滚演唱会，那么最近的集会则开始让人觉得像是告别巡演的第一站。

这些活动像是一种仪式。他会攻击民主党人。他的话可能会在一段时间内，或者在很多个时刻，失去实际的逻辑意义（你看，这就是所谓的“编织”技巧）。他会指责民主党人操纵了2020年的选举（但他们没有）。他会攻击新闻媒体。然后，他会随着 Village People 组合的歌曲起舞。

在陷入困境的共和党候选人们需要集中关注——以及资金——来提升一批潜在新领导层的时刻，特朗普依然执着于一个服务了他多年的旧策略：主要谈论他自己。距离中期选举不足一个月，他再次举行集会，吹捧自己的政绩，提供现金奖励，并要求支持者们进行一场“角色扮演”。

“我真的很想赢。我们希望赢得中期选举，”特朗普周六晚上在俄亥俄州范戴利亚（Vandalia）的一所高中学生中心对人群说道，“如果您不介意的话，请假装我就在选票上。”

近十年来，我断断续续地报道特朗普的集会，其中包括一次在我位于印第安纳州的前初中体育馆举行的集会，那里挤满了7,300人。我将这些集会视为三幕剧，视为公式化的节日，也视为特朗普用来测试虚假信息、侮辱民主党对手或衡量他与美国选民中一个强大群体之间纽带的实验室。

上周，特朗普在俄克拉荷马州、阿拉巴马州和俄亥俄州举行了集会，并在德克萨斯州短暂停留。在这次最后的巡访中，有迹象表明他意识到自己需要弥补差距：他在每次活动中都承诺，如果共和党能继续控制国会，他将给每个美国成年人5,000美元——即便他的政党能够打破显示民主党可能获得重大进展的民调，这一承诺也将面临巨大的财政障碍。

以下是他本周竞选活动的几点启示。

特朗普将一切押在他的个人品牌上。特朗普暗示，仅仅是他的出现就足以带领几位陷入困境的共和党人走向胜利。他相信只要他参选，共和党就会赢。这在2016年和2024年确实如此。在俄亥俄州，特朗普称预测其政党前路艰辛的民调是“虚假的”。此外，他补充说，这些民调没有将他的竞选活动考虑在内。

“他们没有考虑到特朗普正在外出竞选这一事实，”特朗普说，“他们从未想过这会发生。”

俄亥俄州的一场激烈竞争可能有助于决定共和党能否在11月继续控制参议院，但在一次90分钟的演讲中，总统抱怨说，他不得不在一个周六晚上辛苦工作，以帮助其他人——在这种情况下是俄亥俄州的参议员乔恩·休斯顿——当选。

但是，正如他在其他竞选州所呈现的动态一样，俄亥俄州的参议院选举涉及的问题已经超出了特朗普的个人品牌。大多数俄亥俄州人将公用事业成本的上涨归咎于数据中心，而最近的一项《纽约时报》 / 西耶纳学院（Siena）民调显示，他们更信任休斯顿的民主党挑战者、前参议员谢罗德·布朗（Sherrod Brown）来解决这个问题。

在台上，特朗普对休斯顿提出的一项控制能源成本的法案表示支持。但他也表示支持数据中心，这一立场与大多数美国人的观点相左。

“我们需要它们，”特朗普在谈到数据中心时说，“听着，俄亥俄州可以从中赚到很多钱，你不能直接把它们关掉。否则它们会去中国。”

此时，人群陷入了沉默。

白宫发言人戴维斯·英格尔（Davis Ingle）在周日的一份声明中表示，总统是一位高效的沟通者，构建了“政治史上最强大的联盟之一”。

“特朗普总统是共和党的绝对领导者、最佳传达者和无可匹敌的激励者，他致力于维持共和党在国会的多数席位，”英格尔先生补充道。

特朗普的集会不再是挤到没地方站的盛况了。

特朗普先生依然能吸引人群。人们依然愿意花一整天时间等待见他。当提到特朗普先生的移民政策、他反对跨性别运动员参加女子体育赛事以及他支持选民身份验证法时，人们依然会陷入狂热。当他使用脏话时，人们会欢呼，就像他在俄亥俄州用脏话辱骂民主党人时那样。

总统一直坚称这些活动已经“售罄”，且每个城镇都有溢出的人群。而事实上，这些集会比以往规模更小，有时氛围也更平静。

在俄克拉荷马州，访客几乎填满了一个位于赌场综合体内的活动中心，该中心容量为 4,920。在阿拉巴马州，2015年 8 月曾有 30,000 人在一座 30,000 人规模的体育场参加特朗普集会，而特朗普先生周五发表讲话的这座容量为 10,000 的体育中心里，则有大片空座。

一天后在俄亥俄州，当特朗普先生在一家容量为 4,500 的高中学生活动中心结束演讲时，上层看台的几个区域依然空着。

这不再是过去那种挤到没地方站的常态。相反，靠近舞台的参与者整齐地坐在成排的座位上。在俄克拉荷马州，安保人员清理走道，并告知人们不要站在座位上。

共和党全国委员会发言人娜塔莉·巴尔达萨雷（Natalie Baldassarre）在回应关于每次活动人数的请求时，周日表示，这些集会“吸引了迄今为止最高的部分门票需求”，并补充说，“我们的共和党候选人将继续利用这一势头，在选举日临近之际驱动选民前往投票站。”

总统对他集会的报道感到不满。

周日上午，特朗普先生在社交媒体上发布了一条针对福克斯新闻（Fox News）的愤怒信息，抱怨其早间节目《福克斯与朋友们》（Fox & Friends）没有充分宣传他的活动。

“这些选举集会代表了我们伟大的共和党目前真实发生的情况，”特朗普先生写道，“我们的人想要在福克斯新闻上看到我们的集会以及关于集会的报道，否则他们很快就会停止观看（就像我现在正在做的一样！）。”

随后，他发布了另一条更新，称民调一直低估了他的政治运动。

在俄亥俄州的集会上，两名共和党选民表示，能帮助像哈斯特德（Husted）先生这样候选人的不是总统，而是政府的其他人物。

“我认为 JD 和鲁比奥需要更多地走出去帮助乔恩（Jon），” 48岁的珍妮·沃辛顿（Jenni Worthington）说道，她指的是副总统和国务卿。“我们需要大人物。真的需要更多。很多人不认识乔恩。”

她的丈夫托德·沃辛顿（Todd Worthington）则暗示，白宫可能无能为力。他说，他好几个共和党朋友已经决定今年秋天不投票了。

他的集会演讲依然充斥着半真半假的言论、谎言以及需要背景解释的主张。

特朗普先生在近期的集会中指责民主党干预选举，这是他经常提出的主张。但他对此没有证据。在俄亥俄州，总统称民主党“操纵”了 2020 election。事实并非如此。但这依然是一条受欢迎的攻击路线。

当他不在贬低民主党——或者在谈论一些随机话题，比如他“心理上”每天需要服用的大剂量阿司匹林，或者声称自己拥有“全世界”最高的智商之一——时，他就在谈论经济。他有时会夸大数字。

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📄 Original Section

Aging Iran aircraft defies U.S. sanctions

IRAN, FROM PAGE 1

A Mahan Air Boeing 777 arrived at Najaf International Airport in Najaf, Iran, in July, carrying the casket of Iran's supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, who was killed in U.S.-Israeli strikes in February.

“That may be the trade-off,” said Emanuele Ottolenghi, a senior fellow at the Center for the Research of Terror Financing who has studied Iran’s networks for decades. “Keep our flights open and we’re going to let your tankers travel.”

Some countries may also be trying to do a bit of superpower hedging.

The latest round of U.S. sanctions targeting companies that service, ticket or provide fuel to Iranian airlines threaten to exclude violators from the dollar-based financial system.

China, a strong critic of that very system — and what it calls America's “illegal unilateral sanctions” — has increased flights between Tehran and several cities, including Guangzhou, Shanghai and Beijing.

For countries determined to avoid the perception of alignment with either superpower, offering limited service to Iran lets them “more or less sit in the middle,” said Farzin Nadimi, a senior fellow with the Washington Institute for Near East Policy. “The new Mahan flights look like modest commercial and tourism links.”

Indeed, a dozen people in the airport check-in line said they had arrived with a packaged tour that delivered a week's worth of beaches and sites across Vietnam. A few carried teal cone-shaped hats as souvenirs. Many described the trip as a way to convene with relatives coming from outside Iran and find respite from the grinding strain of life in a low-grade war.

But analysts doubted that tourism was, or will be, the plane's only mission.

Mahan has been under sanctions from the U.S. Treasury Department since 2011 for alleged “dual use” violations that have included transporting weapons, military personnel, bulk cash and gold for the Iranian regime. Among Western intelligence agencies, it is known primarily as the airline run by and for Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps.

In April, EP-MTE was specifically identified and sanctioned by U.S. officials in a statement accusing Mahan Air of transporting unmanned drones around the world.

A few months later, President Trump updated executive orders aimed at terrorism with broader sanctions targeting Iranian aviation. The Treasury Department justified the measures by pointing to Mahan Air.

"Let this be a warning to anyone doing business with Iran's remaining airlines, all of which we sanctioned today," Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent said in a September statement. "You are at risk of being cut off from the global financial system."

The state-run company that operates Vietnam's airports did not respond to requests for comment, nor did Vietnam's Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Despite the American threats, EP-MTE is still flying.

Aviation records show it was one of five Boeing 777-200ERs delivered to Singapore Airlines between 2001 and 2003 that later moved to a Thai discount airline that went bankrupt during the pandemic. That led to nearly three years of storage in the Australian desert. Then, in 2023, a shell company registered in Florida, Ion Aviation, bought the planes and moved them to China, before another company, Udaan Aviation, registered the lot in Madagascar. Tracking data showed that the planes traveled from Cambodia to Iran in July 2025.

Such a large acquisition carried legal risks; 22 people in Madagascar were detained last year and accused of forging documents related to the transfers.

But safety is the lingering concern. Aviation enthusiasts have noted that for all five planes, the extended stay in an Australian boneyard most likely degraded fuel lines, rubber seals and metal engine covers.

Russian airlines, under sanctions since the country's attack on Ukraine in 2022, have faced similar challenges. One company, S7, grounded its fleet of Airbus A320/1neo planes in 2024 for lack of maintenance.

"This highlights how sanctions on civil aviation can bite, but only slowly," said Agathe Demarais, a senior policy fellow with the European Council on Foreign Relations. "Such sanctions are essentially a ticking time bomb for a country's airlines."

During the brief period when the nuclear deal that President Barack Obama had negotiated with Iran was in place, exemptions for aviation sales were granted, perhaps giving Iran a chance to stockpile vital components. Analysts said Iran could also be cannibalizing other planes for parts. Josefine Petrick, a policy fellow who focuses on the negative impacts of sanctions at the Bourse & Bazaar Foundation, a London think tank, called it “puzzle piecing a plane together.”

It can work, for a time. Flight trackers show that the Sept. 28 flight from Ho Chi Minh City landed safely in Tehran. But there is no denying the additional danger.

EP-MTE is one of at least two old 777s being used by Mahan to fly across Asia. The other is EP-MTB. Each one can hold more than 200 passengers. And with time, the mechanical risk compounds like interest, prompting complex questions about responsibility.

Who or what country or company would be blamed if one of Mahan's 777s crashes?

"Sanctioning countries need to be aware and factor in the indirect effects of the policies that they push for," Ms. Petrick said.

“Airplanes in Iran often operate twice as long as they would in other countries,” she added. “To some extent, these really are disasters waiting to happen.”

Tung Ngo contributed reporting from Hanoi.

总统认为他的出席足以带领几位陷入困境的共和党人赢得胜利。

亮点很多，特朗普先生向他的听众讲述了数以千计的新制造业岗位、强劲的股市以及流入该国的数万亿美元投资。在阿拉巴马州，特朗普先生吹嘘美国获得了 21 万亿美元的投资，尽管白宫网站上列出的数字有所不同，该网站计算的投资额为 11.2 万亿美元。其中部分资金被用于多年期项目或被列为未来投资。

在俄克拉荷马州，他说“如今在我国工作的人数比历史上任何时候都多，且多得多”。从绝对数值来看，这是事实，因为该国人口随时间增长。

尽管如此，美国人对高物价和就业增长缓慢感到沮丧。在特朗普先生的集会上，这种担忧在很大程度上被忽视了，除非他将这些问题归咎于民主党人。

偶尔，特朗普先生会展望他中期选举后的未来。

在俄克拉荷马州，他告诉一些最忠诚的支持者，如果他们不投票给共和党，他将被弹劾。在上个月于达拉斯举行的中期会议上，他思考着在卸任总统后，有一天能与“前排乔（Front Row Joes）”——一群最忠诚的追随者——站在一起。周六，他向一名参加了每一次集会的男子喊话。那个人穿着一件印有砖墙图案的西装。

“有一天，可能是在我的最后一次公开露面时，我会穿一件那样的夹克，”特朗普先生直接对那个人说，“因为在那之后，我就没法被选上了。”

上周有几次，特朗普先生提到了他在宾夕法尼亚州巴特勒 2024 年的集会，当时一名枪手险些杀死了他。

“如果你们不介意的话，也许我会尝试在几年时间里做一个无关紧要的人，因为这是一个危险的职位，”特朗普先生在俄亥俄州说道。

📄 Original Section

On campaign trail, Trump's focus is still Trump

NEWS ANALYSIS

President Trump campaigning for Senator Jon Husted in Ohio. Mr. Husted faces a tough race in a state where many voters are concerned about data centers and rising utility costs.

KENNY HOLSTON/THE NEW YORK TIMES

His strategy is unchanged, but candidates in midterms are facing new challenges

BY KATIE ROGERS

If President Trump's earlier political rallies felt like standing-room-only rock concerts, the latest ones are starting to feel like the first stops of a farewell tour.

The events are a ritual. He will attack Democrats. His words will probably stop making actual, logical sense for a moment, or for many moments. (It's "the weave," you see.) He will accuse Democrats of rigging the 2020 election (they didn't). He will attack the news media. Then he will dance to a Village People song.

At a time when embattled Republican candidates could use concentrated attention — and money — to elevate a prospective new crop of leaders, Mr. Trump is clinging to an old strategy that has served him for years: talking mostly about himself. With less than a month until the midterms, he is again rallying, talking up his record, offering cash prizes and asking supporters to play pretend.

"I'm really in to win it. We want to win the midterms," Mr. Trump told a crowd at a high school student center in Vandalia, Ohio, on Saturday evening. "If you don't mind, please pretend that I'm on the ballot."

I have been covering Trump rallies, on and off, for almost a decade, including one held in the packed, 7,300-person-capacity gymnasium of my former middle school in Indiana. I have covered them as three-act plays, as formulaic festivals, and as laboratories for Mr. Trump to road-test misinformation, insult a Democratic opponent or gauge the bond he has forged with a potent slice of American voters.

Mr. Trump was in Oklahoma, Alabama and Ohio last week for rallies, with a brief stop in Texas. On this last road tour, there are hints that he understands he has ground to make up: He has featured at each event a promise that he will give every American adult \$5,000 if Republicans keep control of Congress — a pledge that would face a steep fiscal hurdle even in the event that his party defies polls showing that big Democratic gains are likely.

Here are a few takeaways from his week campaigning.

Trump is betting it all on his brand. Mr. Trump suggests that his mere presence will be enough to carry several embattled Republicans to victory. He believes that when he runs, Republicans win. That was true in 2016 and 2024. In Ohio, Mr. Trump called polls forecasting a tough road ahead for his party “fake.” Besides, he added, they hadn’t factored in his campaign appearances.

"They don't account for the fact that Trump is out campaigning," Mr. Trump said. "They never thought this was go-

ing to happen."

Ohio is home to a tight race that could help determine whether Republicans keep control of the Senate in November, but at one point during a 90-minute speech, the president complained that he had to be out working hard on a Saturday night to help get others — in this case, Senator Jon Husted of Ohio — elected.

But, mirroring the dynamic in other states where he is campaigning, the Senate race in Ohio is about issues that go beyond Mr. Trump's brand. Most Ohioans blame data centers for rising utility costs, and a recent New York Times/Siena poll showed that they trust Mr. Husted's Democratic challenger, former Senator Sherrod Brown, more to address the problem.

Onstage, Mr. Trump offered his support for a bill that Mr. Husted has introduced to control energy costs. But he also said he supported data centers, a position that is at odds with the majority of Americans.

"We want them," Mr. Trump said of data centers. "Look, there's so much money to be made for Ohio, you can't just turn them off. They'll go to China."

In this moment, the crowd was quiet.

In a statement on Sunday, Davis Ingle, a White House spokesman, said the president was an effective communicator who had built “one of the most robust coalitions in political history.”

“President Trump is the unequivocal leader, best messenger and unmatched motivator for the Republican Party, and he is committed to maintaining Republican majorities in Congress,” Mr. Ingle added.

Trump rallies are not standing-room-only anymore.

Mr. Trump can still draw crowds. People still wait all day to see him. They still go wild at the mention of Mr. Trump's immigration policies, his opposition to transgender athletes in women's sports and his support of voter-identification laws. They cheer when he uses profanity, as they did in Ohio when the president called Democrats an expletive.

The president has maintained that the events have “sold out” and that there are overflow crowds in each town. The rallies are, in fact, more modest — and at times more sedate — than they used to be.

In Oklahoma, visitors nearly filled an event center on a casino complex with a capacity of 4,920. In Alabama, the same state where 30,000 people attended a Trump rally in a 30,000-person stadium in August 2015, there were swaths of empty seats at the 10,000-capacity athletic center where Mr. Trump spoke on Friday.

In Ohio a day later, several areas of an upper deck were empty by the time Mr. Trump finished speaking at a 4,500-capacity high school student activity center.

It was not the old norm of standing room only. Instead, attendees close to the stage were seated in neat rows. In Oklahoma, security guards kept walkways clear and told people not to stand on their seats.

Natalie Baldassarre, a spokeswoman for the Republican National Committee, responded to a request for crowd sizes at each event by saying on Sunday that the rallies were “drawing some of our highest ticket demands to date,” adding that “our Republican candidates will continue to build off this momentum and drive voters to the polls as we approach Election Day.”

The president is unhappy with his rally coverage.

On Sunday morning, Mr. Trump posted an angry message on social media aimed at Fox News, complaining that its morning program “Fox & Friends” had not adequately promoted his events.

"These Election Rallies were representative of what is really happening with our great Republican Party," Mr. Trump wrote. "Our people want to see our Rallies, and reports on our Rallies, on FoxNews, or they will very quickly stop watching (like I am doing right now!).

Later, he posted another update, saying that polls had always underestimated his political movement.

At the rally in Ohio, two Republican voters said the thing that would help candidates like Mr. Husted was not the president, but other administration figures.

"I think JD and Rubio need to get out there more and help Jon," said Jenni Worthington, 48, referring to the vice president and the secretary of state. "We need big names. It really needs more. A lot of people don't know Jon."

Her husband, Todd Worthington, suggested there might not be anything the White House could do. Several Republican friends, he said, have already decided not to vote this fall.

His rally speeches are still riddled with half-truths, falsehoods and claims that need context.

Mr. Trump has used his recent rallies to accuse Democrats of meddling in elections, an assertion he often makes. He has no evidence for this. In Ohio, the president said that Democrats “rigged” the 2020 election. That did not happen. It remains a popular line of attack.

When he is not disparaging Democrats — or talking about random topics, like the large aspirin dose he “psychologically” needs to take daily, or claiming that he has one of the highest I.Q.s “anywhere in the world” — he is talking about the economy. He sometimes exaggerates the numbers.

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市长们追求数字化存在，成功程度不一

芝加哥

一名助手正在拍摄竞选芝加哥领导人的苏珊娜·门多萨（Susana Mendoza）；旧金山市长丹尼尔·卢里（Daniel Lurie）在骑自行车；纽约市长佐兰·马姆达尼（Zohran Mamdani）在骑行。

JAMIE KELTER DAVIS 为《纽约时报》拍摄

社交视频有助于接触选民，但部分视频显得僵硬或尴尬

作者：朱莉·博斯曼（JULIE BOSMAN）

伊利诺伊州审计长、芝加哥市长候选人苏珊娜·门多萨（Susana Mendoza）并不打算让糟糕的天气阻碍她的计划。她有视频要拍摄。

最近一个阴雨绵绵的下午，门多萨女士身着黑色西装，穿着高跟鞋，梳着她标志性的盘发，在芝加哥河沿岸一座建筑的挑檐下避雨。她面对着一名工作人员高举的手机——然后念错了台词。

“我是唯一一位拥有财务管理经验和胆识来管理这场危机的市长候选人，”她自信地说道，一边走一边指向镜头。

一名助手纠正道，应该是“应对（Tackle）”危机。门多萨女士拍了拍手，然后向后小跑，准备重新拍摄一次。

“这就是运作方式，”她愉快地说道。

而这正是如今市长和市长竞选者与选民沟通的方式：通过节奏快、边走边聊、将政策个人化的短视频，在 TikTok 或 Instagram 上触达潜在选民。

这类视频日益流行可以追溯到纽约市和市长佐兰·马姆达尼（Zohran Mamdani）。作为一名数字原住民，他被广泛认为是这种艺术的大师。他的竞选活动依赖于病毒式传播的社交媒体帖子来传递信息，并帮助他在去年赢得胜利。

但并非所有候选人在镜头前都如此熟练。有些视频很有魅力，让人得以窥见市长试图解决问题的真实生活片段；而另一些则显得僵硬、制作过度，甚至尴尬。大多数候选人都是在实践中学习。

“这类视频可能有效，但拍摄者必须真正讨人喜欢，否则就没用，”芝加哥的政治战略师艾薇娃·鲍文（Aviva Bowen）表示，“它们应该是粗粝、真实且像是在揭开幕后的一角。”

上个月，芝加哥市长布兰登·约翰逊（Brandon Johnson）发布了一段自己在屋顶上跳舞（尽管动作僵硬）的视频，以此宣传其连任竞选。旧金山市长丹尼尔·卢里（Daniel Lurie）通过视频警告居民，在第 44 大道和乌洛亚街（Ulloa Street）的拐角处发现了一头山狮。明尼阿波利斯市长雅各布·弗雷（Jacob Frey）最近在向居民告知篮球赛回归该市时，展示了他的胯下运球——以及几次投篮不中。

无论好坏，这些视频正日益成为美国市长（或市长竞选者）日常工作的一部分。

竞选战略师表示，这些视频——州长、国会议员和其他民选官员也在采用——在执行起来可能具有欺骗性的难度。共识认为，当视频坦率、诚实且时长短于

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“这些视频可能很有效，但前提是这个人必须真正讨人喜欢，否则就没用。它们应该是粗粝且真实的。”

30秒。成功的衡量标准是转发量、播放量、点赞数和评论数。

这些视频还能帮助无名候选人获得关注。去年在西雅图，凯蒂·威尔逊（Katie Wilson）竞选市长时，几乎是一个不为人知的社区组织者和社会主义者，随后她发布了一段视频：视频中她站在人行道上，拿着一片售价8美元的披萨，解释这个价格如何与城市的住房危机相关联。她的竞选活动随即走红，几个月后她当选市长，击败了自2022年起领导西雅图的现任市长。

西雅图民主党政治战略师桑迪普·考希克（Sandeep Kaushik）表示，威尔逊女士的视频之所以奏效，是因为这些视频强化了她作为一个不擅长面对镜头、古板的政策书呆子的形象。考希克先生并未参与她的竞选活动。

“这些视频给人一种非常诚实和真实的感觉，”考希克先生说，“它们向你展示了她作为一个人的真实面貌。它们不像大多数竞选宣传那样正式、刻板或充满说教味。”

旧金山市长卢里（Lurie）的数字工作主管、副通讯总监安妮·加比莱（Annie Gabillet）表示，市长的视频是其竞选初期工作的延伸。卢里先生此前从未竞选过公职，当时正致力于提高知名度。因此，他开始拍摄坦率的即时视频，有时会随机走访他喜爱的城市各处，如小企业或艺术画廊。

“他并不是为了成为网红而开始的，所以随着他拍摄的视频越来越多，这种方式变得更加自然，就像他只是在与旧金山市民聊天一样，”她说。

卢里先生的 Instagram 受众主要集中在旧金山，他依赖 Instagram Reels（短视频）来传递信息。今年他表现最好的一些视频是城市生活的快照：马基特街（Market Street）新开业的 Jollibee 餐厅、如何清理雨水管的教程，以及卢里先生在联合广场（Union Square）参加萨尔萨舞活动的场景。

但市长们必须小心，不仅要展现真实性，还要展现能力，洛杉矶市长凯伦·巴斯（Karen Bass）就对此有了深刻的教训。

在马姆达尼（Mamdani）先生吹嘘其政府填补坑洼的能力后，一名洛杉矶居民发布了一段视频，要求巴斯女士填补她街道上的一个坑。巴斯女士用自己的视频进行了回应——解释了为什么那个坑不能立即处理。

随后，社交媒体上出现了嘲讽之声。巴斯女士在第二天发布了另一段视频，展示了已修复的坑洼。

“有时内容的实际效果与你的初衷不同，”巴斯女士的数字通讯高级总监莱斯利·甘博尼（Leslie Gamboni）说道，并补充说这种反应并不一定意味着视频失败。“我们确实看到这段视频触达了很多人，希望人们能借此更多地了解 311 服务以及如何报告问题。”

随着明年芝加哥市长选举的竞争日益激烈，市长候选人们在现实生活中以及在 Instagram Reels 上都在激烈地争夺关注度。

伊利诺伊州州务卿兼市长候选人亚历克西·吉安努利亚斯（Alexi Giannoulias）一直在参加街区派对、音乐会和美食节，并在网上发布他与选民互动的视频。

上个月，吉安努利亚斯先生分享了自己跳入芝加哥河、在庆祝中国文化遗产的活动上发言，以及在城市墨西哥独立日游行中喝龙舌兰酒的视频。

“亚历克西认为，在选民所在的地方与他们直接沟通至关重要，无论是敲门拜访还是在社交媒体上发布短视频，”竞选发言人乔丹·阿布代耶（Jordan Abudayyeh）表示。

寻求连任的约翰逊（Johnson）市长则聘请了社交媒体网红发布推广其竞选的帖子，从而绕过了传统媒体。“我们希望展示市长在最自然状态下的样子，”竞选发言人克里斯蒂安·佩里（Christian Perry）说道。

门多萨女士尚未在电视上投放广告，但她会定期发布新的社交媒体视频，有时一次性拍摄好几条。

9月，在雨水持续威胁其拍摄进度时，门多萨女士表示，她认为这些视频——她称自己在马姆达尼先生崛起之前就一直在发布——对于她尚在起步阶段的市长竞选至关重要，距离2月的选举已不足五个月。

“当我在现实生活中遇到人们时，越来越多的人会对我说：‘天哪，我太喜欢你的视频了，’”她说道，“他们觉得已经认识我了。这样我就能与他们达成最终共识。”

辛西娅·席尔瓦（Cynthia Silva）参与了视频研究与编辑工作。

📄 Original Section

Social videos can help reach voters, but some appear stilted or awkward

BY JULIE BOSMAN

Susana Mendoza, the Illinois state comptroller and a candidate for mayor of Chicago, was not going to let the crummy weather get in her way. She had videos to shoot.

Sheltered on a drizzly recent afternoon under the overhang of a building along the Chicago River, Ms. Mendoza, in a black suit, high heels and her signature updo, faced a cellphone held aloft by a staffer — then flubbed her line.

"I'm the only candidate for mayor with the financial management experience and backbone to manage this crisis," she said confidently, pointing at the camera as she walked.

Tackle the crisis, an aide corrected. Ms. Mendoza clapped her hands, then jogged in reverse to try the shot once more.

"This is how it works," she said cheerfully.

And this is how mayors and mayoral hopefuls are talking to constituents these days: with snappy, walk-and-talk, make-policy-personal videos that reach potential voters on TikTok or Instagram.

The videos' growing popularity can be traced to New York City and Mayor Zohran Mamdani, a digital native who is widely seen as a master of the art. His campaign relied on viral social media posts to get his message out and help propel him to victory last year.

But not all candidates are as skilled on camera. Some videos are charming, real-life glimpses into the day of a mayor trying to solve problems. Others come across as stilted, overproduced or even awkward. Most candidates are learning as they go.

"They can be effective, but the person has to be genuinely likable or it doesn't work," said Aviva Bowen, a political strategist in Chicago. "They're supposed to be raw and gritty and a peek behind the curtain."

Last month, Mayor Brandon Johnson of Chicago publicized his re-election bid with a video of himself dancing, albeit stiffly, on a rooftop. Mayor Daniel Lurie of San Francisco took to video to warn residents that a mountain lion was spotted at the corner of 44th Avenue and Ulloa Street. Jacob Frey, the mayor of Minneapolis, recently showed off his between-the-legs dribble — and a few bricked jump shots — while telling residents about a basketball tournament returning to the city.

Good or bad, the videos are increasingly a staple in the day of an American mayor — or an aspiring one.

Campaign strategists say that the videos — which are also being adopted by governors, members of Congress and other elected officials — can be deceptively tricky to pull off. They are most compelling, the consensus goes, when they are candid, honest and shorter than

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当普通的劳斯莱斯无法满足需求时

轮毂

摄影：劳斯莱斯

劳斯莱斯的“夜莺项目”（Project Nightingale）全球限量 100 辆，起售价约为 $3.500 万。这还不包括昂贵的定制选项，例如以买家命名的独特车漆颜色、灯光增强效果以及激光雕刻元件。

品牌旨在通过提供大到细节、小到微末的个性化定制来提高利润

作者：布雷特·伯克（BRETT BERK）

今年 4 月，劳斯莱斯推出了一款旨在俯视即便最高端豪车的全新车型。这款名为“夜莺项目”的电池动力公路跑车气势磅礴，且刻意设计得不实用。尽管其长度与凯迪拉克凯雷德（Cadillac Escalade）相当，但仅配备两个座位。它就像一艘顶级的快艇，尽显船首与船尾的线条感。

这款手工打造的车型全球限量 100 辆，起售价约为 $3.500 万。这还不包括无数且被视为标配的昂贵定制选项，这些选项可能会使价格增加 50%。这不仅使其成为这家历史悠久的英国汽车制造商的顶级产品，更是其商业战略的一个感叹号：通过迎合精英客户对独特个性化和显著消费品的渴望来扩大利润。

“我们希望响应客户对于打造定制车身（coach-built cars）日益增长的需求，”这家拥有 122 年历史的超豪华品牌首席执行官克里斯·布朗里奇（Chris Brownridge）表示。该品牌自 1998 年起由宝马集团（BMW Group）所有。这种需求是真实存在的。据该品牌称，在“夜莺项目”公开宣布之前，全部 100 个配额已被预订一空。

定制车身对劳斯莱斯来说并非新鲜事。在公司成立的前五十年里，每一辆劳斯莱斯都是定制车身。品牌会出售一个包含发动机、传动系统、仪表盘、方向盘和直立式“万神殿”格栅的滚动底盘，而客户则会聘请专业公司根据其规格构建车身。

劳斯莱斯从未完全放弃这一做法，近期推出的 Sweptail 轿跑车（仅制造了一辆，价格超过八位数）和 Droptail 公路跑车（共制造了四辆）便证明了这一点。但现在，公司正优先发展内部定制车身业务，将其位于英格兰南部的制造工厂规模扩大了一倍以适应这一实践，而年产能并未明显增加。

布朗里奇先生表示，更多且更复杂的定制流程也邀请客户“走进幕后”，与设计师、工程师和高管会面，从而提供他们渴望的接触机会和直接参与感。

“消费奢侈品的人不仅仅想要东西。他们想要故事，想要体验。对于那些最有野心的客户来说，他们希望创造一种可以传给后代的遗产，”他说道。

咨询公司奢侈品研究所（Luxury Institute）首席执行官米尔顿·佩德拉萨（Milton Pedraza）认为，这与极富人群的欲望相契合。“这些客户愿意为价值买单，”他说，“而这不仅是功能价值，更是个人价值。”

为了服务并催化这些欲望，劳斯莱斯在关键市场开设了“私人办公室”（Private Office）：纽约、上海、迪拜、首尔，以及位于英国古德伍德的总部。在这里，顶级客户直接与顾问合作，顾问利用最新的材料和技术将他们特立独行的幻想变为现实——无论是在起售价 $370,000 的“入门级”古斯特（Ghost）轿车上，还是在独一无二的定制车身车辆上。

据劳斯莱斯定制部门负责人菲利普·法布尔·德·拉·格朗日（Philippe Fabre de la Grange）介绍，定制选项已远远超出了该品牌著名的瘿瘤木饰面和完美无瑕的康诺利（Connolly）皮革。

“我们正在尝试使用技术纤维，将新型纺织品集成在漆面中，以及在品牌语境下使用的新型材料——”

——不仅是精心挑选的木材，还包括珍珠母贝、鲍鱼壳、金属，”德·拉·格兰日先生说道。他还提到了手工绘画、刺绣以及对光影和投影的增强运用。

劳斯莱斯一直在为车内个性化寻找新的“画布”。客户现在可以设计由数千个微小可变电阻LED组成的星座，将其植入车辆的门板、顶棚或行李区。他们还可以在球形金属空调出风口的背面刻上个人文字或图标。

“这就像一件夹克的内衬，”德·拉·格兰日先生在谈到这些做法时说，“你不会立刻把它展示出来，但你知道它就在那里。这让你感觉很好。而且如果你想炫耀它，也可以。”

在车辆外观方面，平庸的油漆是不够的。颜色可以为客户专属开发并命名，以匹配其最喜爱的一件艺术品或一件衣物。饰面可以包含磨砂、分层、晶体、变色或激光雕刻元素。

劳斯莱斯甚至维持着一个名为 EX Vault 的特殊工作室，汇集了设计师、工程师和工匠，用于实验新材料和新工艺。

“我们希望突破界限，创造新内容，进化技能，”德·拉·格兰日先生说。该公司对工匠的雇佣帮助其工厂人数在过去十年中增加了约 50%。

当然，劳斯莱斯这样做不仅仅是为了让那些濒临失传的技能得以延续。“在最高层面上，我们作为一家企业的目标是创造价值，”布朗里奇先生表示，这不仅是为了客户，也是为了企业和股东。

劳斯莱斯将企业战略重点放在定制化上的决定具有前瞻性。根据彭博智能（Bloomberg Intelligence）全球汽车研究主管迈克尔·迪恩（Michael Dean）的说法，超豪华汽车业务的销量预计到 2030. 将陷入停滞。他将此归因于中国需求的萎缩（由于惩罚性的超豪华税以及对铺张浪费的摒弃），以及中东地区由于区域不稳定而导致的需求下降。

“为了提高盈利能力，我们看到奢侈品牌在提高价格，”迪恩先生说，“但同时也在提供更多限量版和更多个性化选项。”据迪恩先生称，定制化“利润极高”，其利润率“远超 50%”。事实上，彭博智能估计，虽然劳斯莱斯在宝马集团 2025, 250 万辆的汽车销量中仅占 0.2%，但它贡献了其 13% 的营业利润。

迪恩先生表示，劳斯莱斯面临的唯一挑战或许在于，这类极度定制化的车辆一旦进入二手市场，将很难找到买家。佩德拉萨先生则反驳称，这些车辆极致的配套设施以及与知名名人、国家元首和工业巨头之间的联系，可能会支撑其价值。

就布朗里奇先生而言，他认为这些客户不太可能出售这些定制作品。“它们就像是挂在墙上的杰作，”他说，“他们会将这些作品传给子孙，这符合创造遗产的明显趋势。”

如果劳斯莱斯能在增强产品供应并为客户提供某种让他们成为合作者和共谋者的相关准入权限的同时，保持其排他性，那么它似乎已准备好在这个新的镀金时代继续取得成功。

“财富将向顶层聚集，”佩德拉萨先生说，“因此，劳斯莱斯这样做几乎没有风险。”

📄 Original Section

"They can be effective, but the person has to be genuinely likable or it doesn't work. They're supposed to be raw and gritty."

30 seconds. Success is measured in shares, views, likes and comments.

The videos can also help push an obscure candidate into the spotlight. In Seattle, Katie Wilson was running for mayor last year as a nearly unknown community organizer and socialist when she released a video of herself standing on a sidewalk holding an \$8 slice of pizza and explaining how the cost was connected to the city's housing crisis. Her campaign took off, and months later she was elected, unseating the incumbent, who had led Seattle since 2022.

Ms. Wilson's videos worked because they leaned into her image as an awkward policy nerd who isn't natural on camera, said Sandeep Kaushik, a Democratic political strategist in Seattle who was not involved with her campaign.

"They come across as really honest and authentic," Mr. Kaushik said. "And they showed you who she is as a person. They weren't formal or antiseptic or cerebral in the way most campaign communications are."

Annie Gabillet, the deputy communications director who oversees digital work for Mayor Lurie in San Francisco, said that his videos are an outgrowth of the early days of his campaign. Mr. Lurie had never run for office before and was fighting for name recognition. So he began making candid, in-the-moment videos, sometimes dropping in on small businesses or art galleries, places around the city that he loved.

"He didn't set out to become an influencer, so as he's filmed more videos himself, it's become more natural, as if he's just talking to San Franciscans," she said.

Mr. Lurie's Instagram audience is largely San Francisco-based, and he relies on Instagram reels to get his messages out. Some of his highest-performing videos this year have been snapshots of life in the city: a new Jollibee opening on Market Street, a how-to on cleaning storm drains, a scene of Mr. Lurie stopping by a salsa dancing event in Union Square.

But mayors have to be careful to ex- ude not just authenticity, but compe- tence, as Mayor Karen Bass of Los An- geles learned the hard way.

After Mr. Mamdani touted his administration's pothole-filling prowess, a Los Angeles resident posted a video asking Ms. Bass to fill a hole on her street. Ms. Bass responded with her own video — explaining why the pothole could not be addressed right away.

Social media mockery ensued. Ms. Bass followed up the next day with a video showing the fixed pothole.

"Sometimes content lands differently than you intended," said Leslie Gamboni, senior director of digital communications for Ms. Bass, adding that the reaction didn't necessarily make the video a failure. "We did see that the video reached a lot of people, and hopefully people came away understanding more about 311 and how to report an issue."

As next year's mayoral election in Chicago begins to heat up, mayoral hopefuls are elbowing each other for attention in real life — and on Instagram reels.

Alexi Giannoulias, the Illinois secretary of state and a mayoral candidate, has been making the rounds of block parties, concerts and food festivals and posting videos of his interactions with voters online.

Last month, Mr. Giannoulias shared videos of himself jumping into the Chicago River, speaking at an event celebrating Chinese heritage and downing tequila at the city's Mexican Independence Day parade.

"Alexi believes it's important to communicate directly to voters where they are, whether that's knocking doors or short-form video on social media," said Jordan Abudayyeh, a campaign spokeswoman.

Mayor Johnson, who is running for re-election, has hired social media influencers to make posts promoting his campaign, circumventing traditional media. "We hope to showcase the mayor in his element," said Christian Perry, a campaign spokesman.

Ms. Mendoza is not on the air with television ads yet, but she drops new social videos regularly, sometimes filming several at once.

In September, as rain continued to threaten her shoot, Ms. Mendoza said that she sees the videos — which she said she had been posting long before Mr. Mamdani's rise — as crucial to her nascent mayoral campaign, less than five months from the February election.

"When I bump into people in real life, more and more and more, they're like, 'Oh my gosh, I love your videos,' she said. "They feel like they already know me. Then I get to seal the deal with them."

Cynthia Silva contributed video research and editing.

推动中国出口繁荣的隐藏政策

中国，广州

由于国内需求下降、关税以及来自低工资国家的竞争，中国服装行业的业务有所放缓。

QILAI SHEN 为《纽约时报》拍摄

欧盟官员准备就货币疲软和补贴问题向北京施压

作者：KEITH BRADSHER

中国通过税收返还和货币疲软的组合，使其出口引擎保持强劲运转，在维持国内经济增长的同时，将大量中国商品推向海外市场。

但这一战略正在加剧其与贸易伙伴之间的紧张关系。本周，抵达北京的布鲁塞尔官员准备就欧洲对华贸易逆差（每天超过 11 亿美元 billion）向中国官员施压。

欧洲领导人表示，中国通过政府补贴和向制造商提供低息贷款来倾斜天平，使廉价商品充斥欧洲市场。

但补贴仅是中国出口商所享优势的一部分。中国货币人民币依然异常疲软，使得中国商品在海外价格更低。与此同时，北京每年向出口商返还数千亿美元的税款，进一步降低了他们的成本。

这两项政策现在都让中国难以撤回。

按通胀调整后，人民币兑一篮子货币的汇率较 2022 年初水平下跌了 14% 以上。在大致相同的时期，中国的贸易盈余几乎翻了一番。虽然疲软的货币有利于出口商，但它也增加了中国消费者和企业的外国商品成本。

中国的出口退税额也大幅增加。根据中国财政部的数据，去年出口企业的增值税退税额达到 3182 亿美元 billion，相当于中国经济规模的 1.5%。

货币疲软和广泛的税收返还共同揭示了中国政策制定者面临的困境。在公寓价格暴跌和消费支出疲软的经济压力下，出口是少数几个亮点之一。维持出口势头对于北京实现 4.5% 至 5% 的经济增长目标至关重要。但支持这些出口在国内外都带来了高昂的成本。

人民币疲软提高了石油和其他进口商品的成本，挤压了本就不愿消费的家庭。在许多地方政府正苦于应对房地产低迷带来的财务后果时，出口退税则耗尽了政府财政收入。

对于中国的贸易伙伴，尤其是欧洲来说，不满情绪一直在积聚，从而促使了更多保护主义政策的出台。

欧盟驻华大使卡斯帕·费尔德坎普（Caspar Veldkamp）在 9 月 22 日的一次演讲中表示：“我们需要重新平衡我们的经济关系，以确保其公平、可持续且互利——目前的局面是不可持续的。”

随着中国有望追平或超过去年 $1.19 trillion 的全球贸易盈余纪录，允许人民币升值并减少税收返还可能会减轻来自海外的一些压力。但任何一步操作都可能损害经济中仅存的少数增长引擎之一。

一些中国经济学家开始认为，更强的货币可能会通过降低以美元计价的石油和其他进口成本而使中国受益。中国央行和国有银行在货币市场进行大量干预以设定人民币价值，尽管市场力量也发挥了作用。

上海复旦大学经济学教授沈国兵在去年 12 月的一次演讲中表示：“我们需要重新评估汇率问题：人民币升值不一定完全是负面的，而贬值可能无法有效促进出口。”

北京在允许实质性升值方面一直持谨慎态度。政策制定者深知欧洲的不满，但仍然担心人民币快速上涨会减缓该国庞大的出口机器。

同样的谨慎态度也适用于出口退税。在新冠疫情之前，出口退税约占税收收入的十分之一。如今，在出口激增而国内经济大部分停滞不前的情况下，这一比例已接近八分之一。

中国已宣布计划在明年停止对电池出口商的退税。一些经济学家正敦促政府采取更进一步的措施。

“出口退税本质上是一种出口补贴，应当予以削减，”重庆前市长、具有影响力的中国经济学家黄启帆在5月的一次演讲中表示。

北京方面不愿危及出口的原因，在广州可见一斑。这座位于中国南部珠江三角洲的大都市，是中国服装出口业的核心地带。

在一个下午时分，海珠岛的一个户外招聘区，数十名男女在等待了数小时后仍在此徘徊，希望能有人愿意支付他们每天 $45 至 $60 的缝纫工资。

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📄 Original Section

When not just any Rolls-Royce will do

WHEELS

PHOTOGRAPHS BY ROLLS-ROYCE

Rolls-Royce's Project Nightingale will be limited to 100 units globally, starting around \$3.5 million. And that's before expensive customization options, like unique paint colors named after buyers, lighting enhancements and laser-engraved elements.

Brand aims to grow profits by offering personalization for details big and small

BY BRETT BERK

In April, Rolls-Royce unveiled a new model meant to look down at even the highest of high-end cars. Its battery-powered roadster, known as Project Nightingale, is imposing and intentionally impractical. Though it is as long as a Cadillac Escalade, it sports only two seats. Like an elite speedboat, it's all prow and tail.

Limited to 100 units globally, this handmade vehicle starts around \$3.5 million. And that's before expensive customization options, which are myriad and de rigueur, and could add 50 percent to the price. This makes it not just the venerable British carmaker's top offering, but also an exclamation point on its business strategy: expanding profit by catering to its elite customers' desire for something uniquely personalized and conspicuously consumable.

"We wanted to respond to the growing demand that we see from our clients to create coach-built cars," said Chris Brownridge, chief executive of the 122-year-old ultraluxury brand, which the BMW Group has owned since 1998. The demand is real. According to the brand, all 100 Project Nightingale allocations were reserved before the project was even announced publicly.

Coachbuilding isn't new to Rolls. During the company's first five decades, every Rolls-Royce was coach-built. The brand would sell a rolling chassis with an engine, a drivetrain, an instrument panel, a steering wheel and an upright "Pantheon" grille, and clients would hire a specialty firm to construct a body to their specifications.

Rolls never entirely gave up the practice, as it has recently demonstrated with its Sweptail coupe (just one was made, and topping eight figures) and Droptail roadster (a robust four of these were built). But it is now prioritizing in-house coachbuilding, doubling the size of its manufacturing plant in southern England to accommodate the practice, without noticeably increasing its annual production capacity.

More, and more complex, customization processes also invite clients “behind the curtain,” as Mr. Brownridge said, to meet with designers, engineers and executives, providing the access and direct involvement they crave.

"People consuming luxury don't just want things. They want stories, they want experiences. They want to, with the most ambitious clients, create a legacy of something which they'll hand down to future generations," he said.

Milton Pedraza, chief executive of the Luxury Institute, a consulting firm, sees alignment here with the desires of the very affluent. “These clients are willing to pay for value,” he said. “And that is not only functional value, but personal value.”

To serve, and catalyze, these desires, Rolls-Royce has opened "Private Of-

fice" locations in key markets: New York, Shanghai, Dubai and Seoul, and at its headquarters in Goodwood, England. Here, top clients work directly with advisers who prompt their idiosyncratic fantasies with the latest materials and capabilities — be they on an "entry level" \$370,000 Ghost sedan or a one-off coach-built vehicle.

According to Philippe Fabre de la Grange, Rolls-Royce's head of bespoke, the options go well beyond the burl veneers and flawless Connolly leather hides for which the brand is known.

"We're playing with technical fibers, with new textiles integrated within lacquer, with new types of material that we use in the context of marque-"

try — not only carefully curated woods, but mother-of-pearl, abalone, metal," Mr. de la Grange said. He also mentioned hand-painting, embroidery and the enhanced use of light and projection.

Rolls-Royce is constantly seeking fresh “canvases” for in-car personalization. Clients can now design constellations of thousands of tiny rheostatic LEDs to be impregnated into their vehicle’s door panel, headliner or cargo area. They can have personal text or iconography engraved on the reverse of their spherical metal climate vents.

"It's like the lining of a jacket," Mr. de la Grange said of these practices. "You don't show it off straightaway, but you know it's there. It makes you feel good. And if you want to flash it, you can."

On the vehicles' exterior, plebeian paint will not suffice. Colors can be developed and named exclusively for a client to match a favorite artwork or article of clothing. Finishes can feature frosted, layered, crystalline, color-shifted or laser-engraved elements.

Rolls even maintains a special workshop, the EX Vault, which gathers designers, engineers and craftspeople to experiment with new materials and processes.

"We want to be pushing the boundaries, doing new content, evolving skills," Mr. de la Grange said. The company's hiring of artisans has helped increase factory head count by around 50 percent in the past decade.

Of course, Rolls-Royce isn't doing this simply to keep dying skills alive. "At the highest level, our goal as a business is to create value," for clients but also for the business and shareholders, Mr. Brownridge said.

Rolls's decision to focus its corporate strategy on customization is prescient. According to Michael Dean, global

"It's like the lining of a jacket. You don't show it off straightaway, but you know it's there. It makes you feel good."

head of automotive research at Bloomberg Intelligence, volume in the ultraluxury automotive business is expected to stagnate through 2030. He attributes this to shrinking demand in China, owing to punitive ultraluxury taxes and a shunning of ostentation, and in the Middle East,

related to regional instability.

"To improve profitability, we see luxury brands increasing prices," Mr. Dean said. "But also providing more limited editions and more personalization." Customization is "hugely profitable," according to Mr. Dean, yielding margins of "well over 50 percent." In fact, Bloomberg Intelligence estimates that while Rolls-Royce made up just 0.2 percent of the BMW Group's 2.5 million car sales in 2025, it produced 13 percent of its operating profit.

Perhaps the only challenge for Rolls, Mr. Dean said, is that such extremely customized vehicles will struggle to find buyers should they ever enter the secondary market. Mr. Pedraza counters that their over-the-top amenities and connection with notable celebrities, heads of state and captains of industry could buoy their value.

For his part, Mr. Brownridge believes these clients are unlikely to ever sell these commissions. “They’re like masterpieces that they’ll hang on their wall,” he said. “And they’ll pass them to their children, which fits with this clear trend of creating legacies.”

If Rolls can maintain its exclusivity, while enhancing its offerings and providing clients with the kind of relevant access that makes them collaborators and co-conspirators, it seems poised for continued success in this new Gilded Age.

"Wealth will accumulate at the top," Mr. Pedraza said. "So, Rolls-Royce has very little risk doing this."

“我们需要重新评估汇率问题：人民币升值并不一定完全是负面的。”

“生意慢下来了——今年上半年还稍微好一点，但现在情况真的很糟糕，”招聘区的一名工人说道，他仅提供了自己的姓氏，刘。

中国的房地产崩盘削弱了国内对新服装的需求，而关税以及来自低工资国家的竞争则损害了出口。一家缝纫机分销商的所有者（姓易）表示，几年前出口和内需强劲得多，当时的日工薪资偶尔能高达 $150。

“与往年相比，我们今年的业务至少下降了三分之一——甚至可以说接近一半，”他说道。

这种疲软有助于解释为什么北京方面不愿冒险采取可能进一步损害出口的政策。根据位于瑞士巴塞尔的国际结算银行的数据，直到 2022, 按通货膨胀调整后，人民币在多年时间里一直逐渐走强。

这种情况在 2022. 3 月上海开始实施严格的疫情封控后发生了变化。消费者信心骤降，同时企业和家庭寻求将储蓄转移出中国。人民币开始了一次长期的下跌，最终跌幅约为 20%。

此次下跌与中国房地产市场的崩溃同步发生。自 2021 夏天以来，二手房价格已下跌约 40%。

在过去的 15 个月里，人民币有所走强，但在经过通胀调整后，仍远低于疫情前的水平。

货币波动需要时间才能改变公司在采购零部件和其他供应品时的决策。总部位于密尔沃基的供应链咨询公司 ABC Group 的董事总经理乔·朱肯（Joe Jurken）表示，除非某种货币兑美元出现剧烈波动，否则美国进口商通常不会寻找新供应商。

“15% 的升值会引起人们的关注并引发一些讨论，”他说道。

弱势货币并非中国出口强势的唯一原因。中国公司通过在电池、电动汽车和太阳能电池板等领域的创新，已成为强大的竞争者。激烈的国内竞争也迫使制造商降低成本和价格。

但一些经济学家认为，这些低价也反映了国内经济的弱点，包括工资和企业利润面临的压力。

“中国商品的高质量和低价格是全球性的胜利，但它是建立在压低中国工人工资和挤压企业利润率的基础之上的，”商业研究基金会西京研究院的创始院长赵健在 9 月 22 在中国财经媒体《财新》的一篇评论中写道。

世界银行前中国区负责人伯特·霍夫曼（Bert Hofman）表示，就释放政府收入以用于国内优先事项而言，减少出口退税可能比允许人民币升值产生更大的影响。

“中国可以通过增加收入获益，从而将这些资金用于增加在医疗和教育方面的政府支出，”他说道。

张若欣（Ruoxin Zhang）参与了相关研究。

📄 Original Section

Hidden policies powering China's export boom

GUANGZHOU, CHINA

Business in China's garment industry has slowed amid lower domestic demand, tariffs and competition from lower-wage countries.

QILAI SHEN FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES

E.U. officials prepare to press Beijing on weak currency and subsidies

BY KEITH BRADSHER

China has kept its export engine roaring with a combination of tax rebates and a weak currency, helping sustain economic growth at home while sending a surge of Chinese goods into markets abroad.

But that strategy is fueling tension with its trading partners. And this week, officials from Brussels arriving in Beijing are preparing to press Chinese officials about a European trade deficit with China that exceeds \$1.1 billion a day.

Europe's leaders say China tilts the scale with government subsidies and low-interest loans to its manufacturers, flooding European markets with inexpensive goods.

But subsidies are only part of the advantage Chinese exporters enjoy. The renminbi, China's currency, remains unusually weak, making China's goods cheaper overseas. At the same time, Beijing refunds exporters hundreds of billions of dollars a year in taxes, further lowering their costs.

Both policies have become difficult for China to unwind.

The renminbi is down more than 14 percent in inflation-adjusted terms from its early-2022 level against a broad set of currencies. Over roughly the same period, China's trade surplus has nearly doubled. While the weak currency helps exporters, it also makes foreign goods more costly for Chinese consumers and businesses.

China's export tax rebates have also surged. Rebates to export companies for value-added taxes reached \$318.2 billion last year, equivalent to 1.5 percent of China's economy, according to data from the country's Ministry of Finance.

Together, the weak currency and extensive tax rebates capture the dilemma facing Chinese policymakers. Exports are one of the few bright spots in an economy weighed down by plunging apartment prices and weak consumer spending. Maintaining export momentum is important to Beijing's goal of 4.5 percent to 5 percent economic growth. But supporting those exports carries high costs at home and abroad.

A weak renminbi raises the cost of oil and other imports, squeezing households already reluctant to spend. Export tax rebates drain government revenues when many local governments are struggling with the financial fallout from the housing downturn.

For China's trading partners, Europe in particular, resentment has been building, prompting more protectionist policies.

"We need to rebalance our economic ties to ensure they are fair, sustainable and mutually beneficial — the current situation is unsustainable," said Caspar Veldkamp, the European Union ambassador to China, in a speech on Sept. 22.

With China on track to match or exceed last year's record global trade surplus of \$1.19 trillion, allowing the renminbi to strengthen and reducing tax rebates could ease some pressure from overseas. But either step could also damage one of the economy's few remaining engines of growth.

Some Chinese economists have begun arguing that a stronger currency may benefit China by lowering the cost of oil and other imports priced in dollars. China's central bank and state-owned banks intervene heavily in currency markets to set the renminbi's value, although market forces also play a role.

"We need to reassess the issue of exchange rates: An appreciation of the renminbi is not necessarily entirely negative, while depreciation may not effectively boost exports," said Shen Guobing, an economics professor at Fudan University in Shanghai, in a speech last December.

Beijing has been cautious about allowing meaningful appreciation. Policymakers are well aware of Europe's unhappiness, but remain wary that a rapid rise in the renminbi would slow the country's vast export machine.

The same caution applies to export tax rebates. Before the Covid-19 pandemic, they consumed about a tenth of tax revenue. Now, as exports surge while much of the domestic economy stagnates, they account for nearly one-eighth.

China has announced plans to halt tax rebates for battery exporters next year. Some economists are urging the government to go much further.

“Export tax rebates, which are essentially a form of export subsidy, should be reduced,” Huang Qifan, a former mayor of Chongqing and an influential Chinese economist, said in a speech in May.

The reasons for Beijing's reluctance to jeopardize exports can be seen in Guangzhou, a metropolis in southern China's Pearl River Delta and the heart of China's garment export industry.

On Haizhu Island, dozens of men and women loitered at an outdoor hiring area late one afternoon after waiting hours for anyone willing to pay them \$45 to \$60 for a day of sewing.

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品牌忠诚度的培育与维护

角落办公室（CORNER OFFICE）

自今年1月起担任宝洁（Procter & Gamble）首席执行官的沙莱什·杰朱里卡（Shailesh Jejurikar）表示，触达消费者的难度正变得日益复杂。

布莱恩·凯泽（BRIAN KAISER）为《纽约时报》拍摄

成本上升的挑战成为宝洁新任首席执行官的首要问题

作者：乔丁·霍尔曼（JORDYN HOLMAN）

在宝洁遗产中心（Heritage Center）的玻璃展柜中，展出了汰渍（Tide）洗衣液、帮宝适（Pampers）纸尿裤和吉列（Gillette）剃须刀等家用品牌。那里还摆放着一座艾美奖奖杯。

那是为了表彰该公司在创造最持久的电视形式之一——肥皂剧（soap operas）中所扮演的角色。20世纪初，一名宝洁高管构思了一档广播节目，既能提供娱乐，又能推广公司的清洁用品。

在最近一次于辛辛那提公司总部进行的采访中，在宝洁工作终身并于1月就任首席执行官的沙莱什·杰朱里卡表示，如今触达消费者的难度更高了。

多年的通货膨胀、经济波动以及媒体格局的改变，使得说服客户购买这家消费巨头的品牌产品变得具有挑战性。由于低收入家庭越来越多地转向通常比宝洁产品价格更低的自有品牌，宝洁的销售增长已连续多年放缓。

与此同时，地缘政治冲突导致的关税和能源成本上升，增加了宝洁的运营成本及其庞大的全球供应链成本。作为应对，该公司提高了价格并裁减了员工。去年，该公司表示，在寻求应对动态变化进行重组的过程中，将在未来两年内裁减7,000个工作岗位，即其员工总数的6%。

59岁的杰朱里卡先生表示，公司必须专注于创新，以创造出让客户“觉得值得为此付费”的产品。创新包括利用人工智能（A.I.）帮助公司更快速地为洗衣液和护发产品等寻找并开发新的分子和配方。此外，他正试图将公司那套曾获艾美奖的品牌建设机制，适配到碎片化的TikTok时代。

本次采访为了清晰度和篇幅进行了编辑和浓缩。

问：自就任首席执行官以来，您观察到的最大变化是什么？

答：我们在格局中看到了三大变化：媒体的碎片化以及与消费者的互动方式、零售商格局的演变，以及通货膨胀以及消费者对价值的认知。

问：消费者在短期内是否应该预期宝洁会提高价格？

答：这个问题的答案非常微妙。我们将逐个品牌、逐项产品地进行评估。在那些我们无法承受成本的地方，我们如何通过定价方式来继续保护消费者的价值？因此，不会是广泛的涨价。

根据我在新兴市场的经验，有时我们认为低收入消费者不愿意为性能付费。实际上，有时他们更愿意为性能付费，因为对他们来说，失败不是一个选项。如果我的衣服不多，我绝对需要这些衣服洗干净。

问：我很想知道忠诚度在这里扮演的角色。比如“我妈妈用汰渍，所以我买汰渍”这类情况。在目前美国人非常在意预算的时候，忠诚度足够吗？汰渍液体洗衣液比市场上的许多品牌都要贵。

答：为了赢得忠诚度，我们需要确保消费者感受到性能是我们绝不会妥协的东西。但我们必须去赢得它，而且每天都要赢得它。

问：您认为公司应该承担哪些成本，而不是将其转嫁给消费者？

答：我们总是从这里开始：我们能否产生适当水平的生产力，以确保转嫁给消费者的成本最低？

我们能否用不同的方式规划卡车路线？我们能否更高效地运行生产线？我们能否将部分制造环节自动化以提高成本效益？我们能否更好地评估媒体支出，以查明其是否有效？

哪里存在浪费？你进行分析并将其消除。当油价开始超过 $100 时，压力会变得相当显著。

在这种环境下经营一家公司是什么感觉？我们成为了更出色的情景规划者和创造性问题解决者。油价可能是 $70，也可能是 $110。在这两种情景下我该怎么做？我需要一个真正的计划，因为这两种情况确实都有可能发生。

去年，宝洁（P&G）宣布将削减 7,000 个工作岗位。考虑到你希望将公司

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📄 Original Section

"We need to reassess the issue of exchange rates: An appreciation of the renminbi is not necessarily entirely negative."

“Business has slowed down — the first half of the year was a little better, but things are really bad now,” said a worker at the hiring area who gave only his family name, Liu.

China's housing crash has crippled domestic demand for new clothes, while tariffs and competition from lower-wage countries have hurt exports. Day labor rates occasionally reached as high as \$150 a few years ago, when exports and domestic demand were much stronger, said the owner of a sewing machine distributorship whose family name is Yi.

“Compared with previous years, our business is down by at least a third this year — you could even say it’s close to half,” he said.

Such weakness helps explain why Beijing is reluctant to risk policies that could further undermine exports. Until 2022, the currency gradually strengthened in inflation-adjusted terms for many years, according to the Bank for International Settlements in Basel, Switzerland.

That changed after a stringent Covid lockdown began in Shanghai in March 2022. Consumer confidence plunged, while companies and households sought to move savings out of China. The renminbi started a long decline that eventually took it down about 20 percent.

The slide coincided with the collapse of China's housing market. Prices for existing homes have fallen about 40 percent since the summer of 2021.

The renminbi has strengthened somewhat over the past 15 months, but it remains far below pre-Covid levels after adjusting for inflation.

Currency movements can take time to alter decisions companies make about where they buy components and other supplies. American importers tend not to look for new suppliers unless a currency moves sharply against the dollar, said Joe Jurken, the managing director of ABC Group, a Milwaukee-based supply chain consultancy.

"A 15 percent appreciation would open up eyes and start some discussions," he said.

A weak currency is not the only reason for China's export strength. Chinese companies have become formidable competitors through innovation in sectors such as batteries, electric vehicles and solar panels. Fierce domestic competition has also pushed manufacturers to cut costs and prices.

But some economists argue that those low prices also reflect weaknesses in the domestic economy, including pressure on wages and corporate profits.

"The high quality and low price of Chinese goods is a global triumph, but it is built on the suppressed wages and squeezed margins of Chinese workers and enterprises," wrote Zhao Jian, the founding dean of the Xijing Research Institute, a commercial research foundation, in a commentary on Sept. 22 in Caixin, a Chinese business publication.

Bert Hofman, a former China country director for the World Bank, said reducing tax rebates might have a bigger impact than allowing the renminbi to appreciate in terms of freeing up government revenue for domestic priorities.

“China benefits by increasing revenues, which they can use to increase government spending on health and education,” he said.

Ruoxin Zhang contributed research.

承担业务？

未来将有更多的技术被部署，更多的功能可用，且更加自动化。展望未来，我们应该能够在保持组织规模不变的情况下继续增长。

美国企业界目前有一个有趣的讨论，即管理层级过多会产生什么问题。您是否在尝试精简层级？

是的，包括横向和纵向。横向是指两个人在做类似的工作；纵向则是传统的等级制度。

以横向为例，我有一名品牌人员和一名市场研究人员。如果通过生成式人工智能（gen A.I.）就能生成大部分核心统计方法，我是否还需要两者兼备？随着我们减少重复工作并简化流程，人员数量随之减少。其中的逻辑在于提高效率。

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📄 Original Section

The care and feeding of brand loyalty

CORNER OFFICE

Reaching consumers is becoming more complicated, said Shailesh Jejurikar, the chief executive at Procter & Gamble since January.

BRIAN KAISER FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES

Challenge of rising costs paramount for new chief at Procter & Gamble

BY JORDYN HOLMAN

Featured among the glass cases in Procter & Gamble's Heritage Center are household brands like Tide detergent, Pampers diapers and Gillette razors. There's also an Emmy statuette.

That was for the company's role in creating one of the most enduring television formats: soap operas. In the early 20th century, a P&G. executive had the idea for a radio program that could both entertain and push the company's cleaning supplies.

Reaching consumers today is more complicated, Shailesh Jejurikar, a P&G. lifer who became chief executive in January, said in a recent interview at the company's headquarters in Cincinnati.

Years of inflation, economic jitters and a changing media landscape have made it challenging to persuade customers to buy the consumer giant's brand-name products. Sales growth at P&G has slowed for years as households with lower incomes are increasingly turning to store brands, which are usually priced lower than P&G's products.

At the same time, tariffs and rising energy costs caused by geopolitical conflicts have added costs to P&G's operations and its sprawling global supply chain. In response, the company has raised prices and laid off workers. Last year, it said it was cutting 7,000 jobs, or 6 percent of its work force, over the next two years as it looked to reorganize amid the changing dynamics.

Mr. Jejurikar, 59, said that the company must focus on innovation to create products that customers “feel it’s worth paying the price for.” Innovation includes using A.I. to help the company more quickly find and develop new molecules and formulas for products like detergents and hair care. And he’s trying to adapt the company’s Emmy-winning brand-building machine to a fragmented TikTok age.

This interview was edited and condensed for clarity and length.

What are the biggest changes you've seen since becoming C.E.O.? These are three big changes we see in the landscape: the media fragmentation and how you engage with consumers, the retailer landscape evolving, and inflation and how consumers see value.

Should consumers expect higher prices from P&G. in the near term? The answer to that question is very nuanced. We'll go brand by brand, item by item. Where are the costs we cannot handle, then how do we do the pricing in a way that still protects the value for the consumer? So it won't be just price broadly.

My experience from emerging markets is sometimes we think the lower-income consumer is not willing to pay for performance. Actually sometimes they are more willing to pay for performance because for them, failure is not an option. If I don't have tons of clothes, I absolutely need those clothes to come out clean.

I'm curious the role loyalty plays here. "My mom used Tide, so I'll buy Tide" kind of thing. At a time when Americans are really thinking about their budget, is loyalty enough? Tide liquids is more expensive than many brands in the market. To earn the loyalty, we need to make sure consumers feel that performance is something that we would never trade. But we have to earn it, and we have to earn it every day.

Are there costs you think your company should absorb, instead of passing them on to the consumer? We always start with, can we generate the right level of productivity to ensure minimal cost is passed to the consumer?

Can we run truck routes a different way? Can we run our manufacturing lines with more efficiency? Can we automate parts of our manufacturing operation that make it more cost effective? Can we do better assessment of our media spending to find out if it is effective?

Where is there waste? You do the analysis and get rid of that. When you start looking at oil over \$100, the pressure becomes pretty significant.

What does running a company feel like in this kind of environment? We have become better scenario planners and creative problem solvers. Oil could be \$70, oil could be \$110. What do I do in either scenario? And I need a real plan, because it really could be either of those.

Last year, P&G. announced it was cutting 7,000 jobs. Do you feel good about the number of people who are still there, given where you want to

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是否还会有更多裁员？

不会，我们计划在明年6月财年结束前完成裁员。

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您未来会放缓招聘吗？

对我们来说，最糟糕的做法就是停止招聘。我们在很大程度上是一家倾向于内部晋升的公司，这意味着我们在入门级岗位进行招聘。

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您如何与员工沟通人工智能及其可能对工作保障产生的影响？

我们已经进行了相当多的研究，其中一些是与哈佛大学和麻省理工学院（M.I.T.）合作的，旨在研究仅靠人类或“人类+人工智能”的有效性。我们的结论是，结合两者效果最好。

我们看到了大约三到四个能带来财务回报的广泛应用领域。一是我们的制造和供应规划。另一个是研发与创新，比如我们能以多快的速度发现新分子，并用产品解决新的消费者问题。我们还看到在品牌内容开发方面有巨大的应用空间，包括内容的生成和评估。

我们讨论过内部工作，如何利用 Copilot [微软的人工智能工具] 等工具来简化工作？我们为所有员工提供了 Copilot 许可证，听到他们如何使用它真的非常酷。

所有这些举措都需要最终服务于更好地满足消费者需求。这才是我们经营业务的真正原因，所以如果这一切不能实现该目标，那就毫无意义。

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您认为人工智能会消除什么样的工作？

我们发现某些工作可能会完全消失，但某些工作会突然出现。我给您举个简单的例子。

我可以将许多生产线转为自动化生产。在这种情况下，我们实际上将更多的人员重新部署到创新岗位上。

另一个案例是在品牌建设方面，我们现在生成内容所需的人员数量大幅增加。品牌建设领域是我们目前增加人员最多的领域。

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品牌建设领域创造了什么样的岗位？

您需要每天进行社交聆听（social listening）。人们在社交媒体上在说什么？这意味着什么？您能否从中获得洞察？您是否需要做出回应？您是否需要根据这些信息调整创意内容？

在一年只制作几条广告的时代，这很重要。而现在，当内容量达到数千条时，品牌建设需要更加精准才更为重要。品牌理念必须清晰透明。

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是由人类在做这件事吗？

没错，并且由人类决定我们需要做什么。

您职业生涯初期在宝洁（P&G）海外工作，先是在印度，然后是在肯尼亚。您从中学到了什么？

它教会了我实用主义。在一家大公司里，你总是假设会有其他人去做某件事。这可能简单到我的老板问我：“那批要运来的东西到哪儿了？”我回答说：“让我去问问产品供应部门。”他说：“你为什么需要那样做？”他把我带到办公室，打开报纸，给我看船只到达日期的位置，然后说：“直接看这里就行。”这给了我一种把事情办成的感觉。

现在进入快速问答环节。宝洁的产品有详细的说明书，但这些真的必要吗？我真的需要刷两分钟牙吗？

是的。那是真实的。两分钟。一天两次。

如果使用 Cascade 洗洁剂，不需要预冲洗？这是真的吗？

是真的。如果你预冲洗会发生什么？你浪费了水，也浪费了时间。只需把大块残渣刮掉，然后放入洗碗机即可。这样你既节省了能源，又节省了水。

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您最后一次向 AI 提出的问题是什么？

我需要一些关于竞争对手公司的数据。

如果您不是宝洁的首席执行官，您会做什么？我热爱历史。也许我会教历史。但我不确定我是否能成为一名优秀的教师。

您读的最后一本书是什么？一本叫作《无畏的勇气》（Undaunted Courage）的书。讲的是刘易斯和克拉克远征队。

您最喜欢问的、最能揭示对方特质的面试问题是什么？如果是消费者，我会一直追问：“为什么？”

如果是工作面试呢？我想了解他们做过什么，以及为什么选择那样做。我想了解他们的热情所在，因为我深信，如果人们热爱并对所做之事充满热情，他们就会成功。

多少个直接下属才算太多？

我认为现在已经没有“太多”这个说法了。

您管理多少人？我想大约 20 个。

这感觉在可控范围内吗？我认为技术使之成为可能。你可以拥有更多的直接下属，而且这也能精简层级。

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作为首席执行官，您最反感的事情是什么？

我不能像以前那样经常与人们进行非正式的交谈。所以午餐后，我会绕着办公室走走。在大家吃午餐的时候，我就在走廊里来回走动。这样我至少能随机地与人们交谈，而不是通过计划。

您最特立独行的观点是什么？我认为，对于一家大公司来说，现在是利用环境变化并建立更深护城河的最佳时机。

实际上我同意这一点。这意味着我并不特立独行？或者也许我们两个是最聪明的人。

为什么纽约是网络创作者的天堂

在 TikTok 和 Instagram 上，这座城市既是拍摄场地，也是主角

作者：SAPNA MAHESHWARI 和 JOHN KOBLIN

它就出现在你社交媒体动态中无数视频的背景里：一名网红在与一名毫无防备的游客聊天时，西村（West Village）一座棕色石屋的墙角在身后若隐若现。疾驰而过的地铁车厢留下的残影，便利店熟食柜台刺眼的荧光灯光，以及华盛顿广场公园（Washington Square Park）的拱门。

TikTok 和 Instagram 的创作者们实际上已将纽约市变成了他们短视频的非官方拍摄场地。

在之前的时代，《欲望都市》和《蒂凡尼早餐》利用纽约浪漫化的理想形象来赋予故事生命。而现在，一群带着微型麦克风和 iPhone 的 20 多岁和 30 多岁年轻人正试图唤起类似的感觉。他们在工薪族、游客、学生和通勤者的拥挤人群中拍摄，将这座城市的活力注入到新一代的节目中，每集时长从 30 秒到两分钟不等。

“纽约市已经成了创作者们外出拍摄的露天市场，”27 岁的朱利安·夏皮罗-巴纳姆（Julian Shapiro-Barnum）说道。他在纽约主持多个节目，包括《课间治疗》（Recess Therapy），该节目记录了在城市公园里与孩子们之间有趣的对话。“整座城市就是一个游乐场，我们可以在这里测试想法并与公众互动。”

社交媒体曾承诺名声可以来自任何地方，但纽约的磁吸力被证明依然强大。部分原因是实际操作层面的：创作者表示，在纽约拍摄视频比在洛杉矶等城市要容易得多，因为后者对拍摄许可的要求更严格；此外，纽约的人口密度有助于推动自发的街头随机采访。

Mad Realities 的创始人艾丽丝·马（Alice Ma）表示，这座城市是一个长期令观众着迷的“文化角色”。她的公司打造了如《让计价器继续跳》（Keep the Meter Running）等数字热门节目，该节目记录了对出租车司机的采访。

“在成长过程中，我夏天会去中国看望祖父母，那里的朋友们都在盗版下载《绯闻女孩》来学习英语，”31 岁的马女士说。“全世界在某种程度上都痴迷于将纽约作为背景。”

这些节目并不难找。由一名喜剧演员冲向通勤者聊天而组成的《地铁先知》（Subway Oracle），最近在曼哈顿的联合广场（Union Square）和布鲁克林的亚特兰大大道（Atlantic Avenue）车站进行了录制。

创作者表示，在纽约拍摄视频比在洛杉矶等城市更容易，因为后者对拍摄许可的要求更严格。

《与阿纳尼亚一起测基情》（Gaydar With Anania）在威廉斯堡的麦卡伦公园（McCarren Park）就同志文化对嘉宾进行问答，而《震撼我》（Blow My Mind）则在美国自然历史博物馆外揭示令人惊讶的事实。

华盛顿广场公园因拍摄而变得如此热门，以至于一些创作者现在正刻意避开那里。

显然，没有一块石头——或混凝土板——是被遗漏的：马女士的公司甚至短暂尝试过一个关于曼哈顿钻石区腕表的节目，名为《购买时间》（Buying Time）。

顶尖节目经常吸引名人来推广新项目——克里斯汀·斯图尔特（Kristen Stewart）和艾莉亚·肖卡特（Alia Shawkat）最近出现在聚焦便利店猫咪的《商店猫》（Shop Cats）中，而凯特·哈德逊（Kate Hudson）和布伦达·宋（Brenda Song）则参加了在熨斗大厦（Flatiron Building）附近拍摄的约会节目《街头之心》（Street Hearts）。

市长佐兰·马姆达尼（Zohran Mamdani）也利用这些节目来推广城市倡议，为这些尝试披上了一层政府认可的光环。（一名发言人未回应采访请求。）

“他的媒体团队对待我们的方式，就像之前的媒体团队对待 NBC 那样，”罗文·温奇（Rowan Winch）说道。这位 22 岁的年轻人是 Fallen Media 的联合创始人，该公司在纽约市拍摄了六部以上的短视频节目，包括《地铁先知》（Subway Oracle）和《街头之心》（Street Hearts）。

洛杉矶的一些政策制定者已经注意到了这一趋势，并试图让该市对这类节目和“微短剧”更加友好。与纽约不同，在洛杉矶使用手持摄像机或三脚架在公共场所拍摄节目通常需要许可证。

沙皮罗-巴纳姆（Mr. Shapiro-Barnum）表示，他曾尝试在洛杉矶的露天购物中心 Grove 拍摄《课间治疗》（Recess Therapy），但“不到五分钟，安保人员就叫我停止”。另一次在城市公园的尝试也被迅速制止。“洛杉矶完全是受限的，”他补充道。

从左至右依次为：《街头之心》、《购物猫》（Shop Cats）和《地铁先知》。在某些人看来，纽约节目的数量过多。但 Mad Realities 已与福克斯（Fox）的创作者部门达成协议，将开发一系列节目，而 Fallen Media 表示其正在测试九部新节目。

在某些人看来，纽约市节目的数量过多。卡里姆·拉赫马（Kareem Rahma）是《让计价器继续跳》（Keep the Meter Running）和热门系列剧《地铁观点》（SubwayTakes）的主持人，他在今年一篇广泛传播的 Substack 文章中抨击了街头采访系列剧的激增，嘲讽它们“完全一样”。

“一个男人或女人拿着麦克风站在华盛顿广场公园（为什么总是那个公园!!!!??? 纽约有这么多公园!!!），问人们一些空洞且令人沮丧的问题，”他写道。“这不叫‘低保真’（lo-fi）。这纯粹是……懒惰。”

但这些节目没有放缓的迹象。

但这些节目没有放缓的迹象。Mad Realities 最近与福克斯的创作者部门达成协议，将开发一系列节目。Fallen Media 表示，其正在测试九部新节目，并在 YouTube 上开发一部时长更长的约会节目。拉赫马本人最近因《地铁观点》获得了艾美奖提名。

“感觉就像一个全新的好莱坞正在纽约展开，激励着人们前去追求，”马女士（Ms. Ma）说道。

自我改进的 AI：是梦想还是末日？

旧金山

初创公司看到了造福人类的潜力，但部分专家担心这将导致人类的终结

作者：凯德·梅茨（CADE METZ）

去年 12 月，全球领先的两位人工智能研究员爱德华·休斯（Edward Hughes）和路易斯·基尔施（Louis Kirsch）离开了谷歌。他们的目标是：构建一个足够聪明、能够构建出更先进 AI 系统的系统。

在他们位于伦敦的新初创公司 Inherent 中，他们现在每天与一个名为 Faraday 的原型系统一起工作。该系统以 19 世纪英国物理学家迈克尔·法拉第（Michael Faraday）命名，它收集了海量数据，记录了休斯博士、基尔施博士以及 Inherent 其他研究人员的日常活动：电子邮件、即时消息、会议记录以及他们与本身的持续对话。随后，公司利用这些数据来构建一个更先进版本的。

“ 可以访问公司发生的一切，”休斯博士说，“我们希望向它提供描述我们探索新事物之过程的数据。”

尽管 Inherent 承诺在这一复杂过程中保持人类的参与，但许多其他公司也在构建类似的技术，且一些顶尖研究人员认为， NEW 系统最终将强大到能够在几乎没有或完全没有人类开发人员帮助的情况下自我改进——这个令人惊叹的目标被计算机科学家称为“递归自我改进”（recursive self-improvement），简称 R.S.I.。

两家硅谷初创公司（每家估值 40 亿美元）正自豪地追求这一梦想，OpenAI^💡 和 Anthropic 等领先实验室也在追随这一目标。

他们希望加速开发能够发现药物、创造新材料、加快其他形式科学发现的，并希望有一天能在几乎所有方面超越人类智能。

“现在是将这些我们在实验室中孵化了数十年的想法付诸实践并真正扩大规模的时候了，”杰夫·克鲁恩（Jeff Clune）表示。他是 OpenAI、谷歌和其他顶尖实验室的资深人士，并于去年年底参与创办了一家名为 Recursive Superintelligence 的初创公司。“我们已经拥有了拼图的所有碎片。”

随着这些公司预告开发的新时代，它们在整个领域引发了兴奋，同时也带来了新层级的恐惧。在今年春天一篇名为《当构建自身时》的博客文章中，Anthropic 表示，其对 R.S.I. 的推进可能会“增加人类失去对 NEW 系统控制的风险”。上个月，该公司首席执行官将这些努力列为放缓开发的主要原因。

数十年来，技术哲学家们一直假设，一个自我改进的系统不仅能摆脱人类控制，还能永久地超越任何其他机器的能力。这种信念是部分人士（包括一些顶尖实验室的员工）大声预言可能会毁灭人类的原因之一。

“如果模型能够通过架构改进快速自我提升，那么很有可能单个模型在获取越来越多权力的同时，能够禁用所有竞争对手，”康涅狄格州耶鲁大学的经济学教授杰森·阿巴拉克（Jason Abaluck）在社交媒体上讨论末日场景时如此表示。

JANE STOCKDALE FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES

左侧为爱德华·休斯，右侧为路易斯·基尔施，他们是 Inherent 的联合创始人，该公司旨在构建一个足够聪明、能够构建出更先进系统的 NEW 系统。下方是一台早期的“神经网络”计算机，约 1960 年。

FREDERIC LEWIS / ARCHIVE PHOTOS, VIA GETTY IMAGES

正如 Inherent 公司所展示的，人工智能技术已经在加速新人工智能技术的开发。在适当的指令下，它们可以生成构建新人工智能系统所需的大部分基础组件。更重要的是，它们可以磨练或优化这些系统分析海量数字数据以及学习其日益令人惊叹的各项技能的方式。

但像 Inherent 和 Recursive Superintelligence 这样的公司正追求更高的目标。他们致力于构建能够构思出完全全新的构建人工智能方法的技术——从而将人工智能推向超越目前引领该行业发展的基础方法的境界。

他们设想这样一个世界：一个智能体提出关于人工智能架构（即系统的基础设计）的新想法，然后生成尝试每一种想法所需的计算机代码，并挑选出效果最好的方案。人们希望这种自我进化过程能产生人类研究员凭一己之力永远无法实现的激进突破，就像现在的人工智能能够解决人类从未解决过的数学问题一样。

一些人认为，如果这种情况发生，人工智能将迅速变得极其强大，以至于无论好坏，它都将主宰世界。“这件事本该在多年来每天都成为《纽约时报》的头条新闻，”阿巴拉克博士告诉《时报》，“其他所有事情虽然重要，但都没有这件事重要。”

但即便如此，阿巴拉克博士也承认，递归超智能（R.S.I.）可能不像看起来那么近，他表示这可能还需要几十年的时间。如今，像 Faraday 这样的智能体在没有休斯博士和基尔施博士这些经验丰富的研究人员帮助的情况下，几乎毫无用处。

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📄 Original Section

Why New York is a paradise for online creators

LANNA APISUKH FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES

On TikTok and Instagram, the city is a soundstage and a main character

BY SAPNA MAHESHWARI AND JOHN KOBLIN

It's there, in the background of so many of the videos in your social feeds: the corner of a West Village brownstone peeking out from behind an influencer chatting up an unsuspecting tourist. The blur of a passing subway car, the harsh fluorescent glow of a bodega deli counter, the arch in Washington Square Park.

TikTok and Instagram creators have effectively turned New York City into an unofficial soundstage for their short-form videos.

In previous eras, “Sex and the City” and “Breakfast at Tiffany’s” drew on the romanticized ideal of New York to help bring their stories to life. Now, 20- and 30-somethings with tiny microphones and iPhones are trying to evoke something similar, filming amid throngs of workers, tourists, students and commuters to bring some of the city's energy into a new generation of shows whose episodes range from 30 seconds to two minutes.

“New York City has become this open-air market for creators to go outside and film,” said Julian Shapiro-Barnum, 27, who hosts several shows in New York, including “Recess Therapy,” which features funny exchanges with children in city parks. “The whole city is this playground where we can test ideas and interact with the public.”

The promise of social media was that fame could happen from anywhere, but the magnetic pull of New York has proved strong. Part of it is practical: Creators say that it's much easier to shoot videos in New York than in cities like Los Angeles, which is stricter with filming permits, and that New York's population density helps fuel spontaneous man-on-the-street interviews.

The city is a “cultural character” that has long fascinated audiences, said Alice Ma, the founder of Mad Realities, which is behind shows like “Keep the Meter Running,” a digital hit depicting interviews with cabdrivers.

“Growing up, I would visit my grandparents in China in the summers, and my friends there were all pirating ‘Gossip Girl’ to learn English,” Ms. Ma, 31, said. “The whole world is kind of obsessed with New York as a backdrop.”

The shows are not hard to find. "Subway Oracle," which features a comedian running up to commuters to chat, recently taped in the Union Square and At-

Creators say that it's easier to shoot videos in New York than in cities like Los Angeles, which is stricter with filming permits.

lantic Avenue stations in Manhattan and Brooklyn.

"Gaydar With Anania" quizzes guests in Williamsburg's McCarren Park about gay culture, and "Blow My Mind" highlights surprising facts outside the American Museum of Natural History.

Washington Square Park has become so popular for filming that some creators are now going out of their way to avoid it.

Apparently, no stone — or concrete slab — is going unturned: Ms. Ma's company even briefly attempted a show about wristwatches in the Manhattan diamond district called "Buying Time."

SUBWAY ORACLE/FALLEN MEDIA

The top shows regularly draw celebrities promoting new projects — Kristen Stewart and Alia Shawkat recently appeared on “Shop Cats,” which spotlights bodega felines, and Kate Hudson and Brenda Song went on “Street Hearts,” a dating show that shoots near the Flatiron Building.

Mayor Zohran Mamdani has also turned to the shows to promote city initiatives, giving the efforts a sheen of government approval. (A spokeswoman didn't return a request for an interview.)

“His media team treats us the way previous media teams would treat NBC,” said Rowan Winch, a 22-year-old co-founder of Fallen Media, which produces more than a half-dozen short-form shows filmed in the city, including "Subway Oracle" and "Street Hearts."

Some policymakers in Los Angeles have noticed the trend and are trying to make that city friendlier for such shows and “microdramas.” Unlike New York, Los Angeles typically requires permits for shows filmed in public with handheld cameras or tripods.

Mr. Shapiro-Barnum said he had once tried to film “Recess Therapy” in the Grove, the open-air shopping complex in Los Angeles, and “within five minutes security told me to stop.” Another attempt in a city park was also halted promptly. “L.A. is completely restricted,” he added.

From far left: "Street Hearts," "Shop Cats" and "Subway Oracle." To some, the volume of New York shows is excessive. But Mad Realities has a deal with Fox's creator division to develop a slate of programs, while Fallen Media says it's testing nine new shows.

To some, the volume of New York City shows is excessive. Kareem Rahma, the host of “Keep the Meter Running” and the hit series “SubwayTakes,” railed against the boom in man-on-the-street series in a widely disseminated Substack post this year, deriding them as "exactly the same."

"A man or woman stands in Washington Square Park (why is it always that park!!!!??? THERE ARE SO MANY PARKS IN NYC!!!) with a microphone and asks people vapid, depressing questions," he wrote. "It's not 'lo-fi.' It's just ...lazy."

But they show no sign of letting up.

But they show no sign or letting up. Mad Realities recently struck a deal with Fox's creator division to develop a slate of programs. Fallen Media says it is testing nine new shows and developing a longer dating show on YouTube. Mr. Rahma himself recently received an Emmy nomination for "Subway Takes."

"It feels like a new Hollywood that's unfolding in New York that people are inspired to go and pursue," Ms. Ma said.

“最后的发明”

递归自我改进（recursive self-improvement）的概念几乎与人工智能本身一样古老。1956年夏天，当11位学者聚集在达特茅斯学院，共同开创一个他们称之为“人工智能”的新研究领域时，他们就讨论过构建能够自我改进的机器的方法。

两年后，纽约州康奈尔大学的研究员弗兰克·罗森布拉特（Frank Rosenblatt）构建了一个早期示例，这些研究人员将其称为“神经网络”——这是一个可以通过分析数据来学习技能的数学系统。它运行在华盛顿的一台大型超级计算机上，该计算机位于美国国家气象局的前身机构内。

当罗森布拉特博士将小型白色卡片喂入机器时——有些卡片的左侧标有小方块，有些则标在右侧——机器能够学会区分这两类卡片。他坚信，他的创造最终将产生能够行走、说话、观察、写作以及“在流水线上自我复制”的系统。

十年后，这一研究领域陷入停滞。研究人员缺乏真正使该想法可行所需的原始计算能力或海量数据。

但即便在他们意识到构建人工智能所需的时间远超预期时，一位名叫 I.J. 古德（I.J. Good）的英国数学家预测，他们的工作可能会导致一场“智能爆炸”。他认为，如果一台智能机器学会了自我改进，它将永远使人类相形见绌。

他在1965年的一篇学术论文中写道：“因此，第一台超智能机器将是人类需要发明的最后一件产品，前提是这台机器足够温顺，能告诉我们如何控制它。有时，认真对待科幻小说是值得的。”

在接下来的40年里，他的论点推动了硅谷及其他地区产生类似的信念——尽管直到新千年的黎明，世界上最强大的AI技术还勉强能识别口语，更不用说行走、说话、观察、写作或自我复制了。

“现在是将这些我们在实验室中孵化了数十年的想法付诸实践，并开始真正扩大规模的时候了。我们已经拥有了拼图的所有碎片。”

随着时间的推移，科学家们发现了如何释放罗森布拉特博士技术的真正潜力——即神经网络

（图片：ALANA PATERSON 为《纽约时报》拍摄）

从而产生了

杰夫·克鲁恩（JEFF CLUNE），OpenAI、谷歌及其他实验室的资深专家，去年年底参与创立了 Recursive Superintelligence 公司

如今正在改变世界的AI系统。不久之后，公司们甚至构建出了能够微调其他神经网络的神经网络。

去年秋天，Anthropic 和 OpenAI 发布了极其强大的技术，能够以类似于聊天机器人生成英文文本的方式编写计算机代码。

在经验丰富的软件工程师提供正确指令和监督的情况下，这些系统可以花费数分钟、数小时甚至数天时间，生成能够处理大小各项任务的代码。

利用这些系统，工程师们能够以几个月前还无法想象的速度创建软件。这就是研究人员对追求递归自我改进（R.S.I.）持乐观态度的原因之一。OpenAI 最近表示，其 AI 技术现在可以充当“自动化研究实习生”——至少在理论上，这是迈向 R.S.I. 的一步。

但就像任何其他实习生——以及任何其他聊天机器人——一样，这些系统仍然需要大量的指令。它们缺乏经验丰富的研究人员所具备的常识、智慧、创造力和品味。虽然它们能生成代码，但在提供另一个关键要素——创意——方面还远不够熟练。

OpenAI 首席研究官马克·陈（Mark Chen）表示：“人类研究员的巨大价值在于他们能不断产生所有这些创意。我们的模型目前还做不到这一点。”

新一波 R.S.I. 初创公司希望改变这一现状。

进化计算

2024年夏天，克鲁恩博士和其他几位人工智能研究人员发布了一套旨在替代他们工作的AI系统。这套名为“AI科学家”（The A.I. Scientist）的自动化技术能够提出有前景的研究方向，利用海量计算机代码探索每一个方向，然后将其研究结果记录在长篇学术论文中。

几个月后，当英国牛津大学的一组学者发表了一篇试图解释AI技术习得多种技能之神秘方式的论文时，克鲁恩博士认出了该研究核心的思想。他的“AI科学家”也曾探索过同样的概念。

“这是它生成的我最喜欢的想法之一，”他在社交媒体上表示。这一时刻帮助他确信，AI很快将拥有足够强大的能力来自行构建。

他告诉《纽约时报》：“几十年来，我们一直认为有一天这将成为可能。而那一天已经到来了。从AI的历史来看，很明显这些系统正在大幅提升——且看不到终点——它们很快将在每一项任务上都比我们更出色。”

目前，公司构建AI系统所使用的方法可以追溯到几年前甚至几十年前。他们使用一种名为“Transformer”的架构来设计神经网络，该架构由谷歌的一个研究团队在2017年开发。但像Recursive和Inherent这样的公司，目标是创建能够产生全新架构的系统。

在追求这一宏伟目标的过程中，Inherent正在利用描述其研究人员所有行为的数据来训练其Faraday智能体。它还采用了一种名为“强化学习”的方法，即AI系统通过试错来学习。克鲁恩博士的公司Recursive Superintelligence则在探索一种名为“进化计算”的技术，该技术灵感来自达尔文的进化论。

休斯博士解释说，强化学习就像把一个AI系统丢进迷宫。通过试错，它学会寻找出口。如果它在足够多的迷宫中接受训练，它就能解决从未见过的迷宫。这也是AI学习解决人类从未解决过的数学问题的方式。

在担心递归超智能（R.S.I.）的人看来，令人担忧的是，这一过程将以人类无法完全理解的方式，以及人类无法跟上的速度推动AI前进。然而，尽管一些研究人员自信有朝一日能让AI完成顶尖研究员的工作，但另一些人则表示，这比看起来要困难得多。

克鲁恩博士赞扬他的“AI科学家”生成了与英国牛津大学一组顶尖研究人员相同的想法。但领导牛津项目的布兰顿·德莫斯（Branton DeMoss）指出，他们的想法早于“AI科学家”，且他们曾与克鲁恩博士的团队讨论过，该想法在业内已广为人知。

也就是说：“AI科学家”之所以能探索这个想法，仅仅是因为人类研究人员将其引导向了正确的方向。

📄 Original Section

Self-improving A.I.: Dream or doom?

SAN FRANCISCO

Start-ups see potential for good, but some experts fear the end of humanity

BY CADE METZ

In December, Edward Hughes and Louis Kirsch, two of the world's leading artificial intelligence researchers, left Google. Their goal: to build an A.I. system smart enough to build a better A.I. system.

At their new London start-up, Inherent, they now spend their days working alongside a prototype called Faraday. Named for the 19th-century English physicist Michael Faraday, it gathers mountains of data capturing the daily activities of Dr. Hughes, Dr. Kirsch and Inherent's other researchers: emails, instant messages, meeting transcripts and their ongoing chats with Faraday itself. The company then uses this data to build a better version of Faraday.

"Faraday has access to everything that goes on at the company," Dr. Hughes said. "We want to give it data describing the process we go through, to discover something."

Though Inherent pledges to keep humans involved in this elaborate process, many other companies are building similar technology, and some leading researchers believe A.I. systems will eventually be powerful enough to improve themselves with little or no help from human developers — a mind-bending goal that computer scientists call recursive self-improvement, or R.S.I.

Two Silicon Valley start-ups — each valued at \$4 billion — are proudly pursuing this dream, and leading labs like OpenAI and Anthropic are chasing it too.

They hope to accelerate the development of artificial intelligence that discovers drugs, creates new materials, speeds other forms of scientific discovery and, one day, surpasses human intelligence in practically every way.

"Now is the time to take these ideas, which we have been incubating in the lab for decades, and start to really scale them up," said Jeff Clune, a veteran of OpenAI, Google and other top labs who helped found a start-up called Recursive Superintelligence late last year. "We have all the pieces of the puzzle."

As these companies herald a new age of A.I. development, they have generated excitement across the field — and new levels of dread. In a blog post this spring called “When A.I. Builds Itself,” Anthropic said its push toward R.S.I. could “increase the risks of humans losing control over A.I. systems.” Last month, the company’s chief executive cited these efforts as a chief reason to slow the development of A.I.

For decades, techno-philosophers have hypothesized that a self-improving system could not only break free from human control but also exceed the power of any other machine — permanently. This belief is one reason that some people, including some employees of leading A.I. labs, are loudly predicting that A.I. could destroy humanity.

"If models can self-improve quickly via architectural improvements, it is quite possible a single model can disable all rivals while it acquires more and more power," Jason Abaluck, an economics professor at Yale University in Connecticut, said on social media as the discussion turned toward doomsday scenarios.

JANE STOCKDALE FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES

Left, Edward Hughes, at right, and Louis Kirsch, co-founders of Inherent, which aims to build an A.I. system smart enough to build a better A.I. system. Below, an early “neural network” computer, from around 1960.

FREDERIC LEWIS/ARCHIVE PHOTOS, VIA GETTY IMAGES

As Inherent shows, A.I. technologies are already accelerating the development of new A.I. technologies. Given the proper instruction, they can generate many of the building blocks needed to construct a new A.I. system. More important, they can hone, or optimize, the way these systems analyze vast amounts of digital data and learn their increasingly impressive array of skills.

But companies like Inherent and Recursive Superintelligence are aiming for something more. They are striving to build technology that can think up entirely new ways of building artificial intelligence — that can push A.I. beyond the fundamental methods that have gotten the industry this far.

They envision a world in which an agent proposes new ideas for A.I. architecture, or the foundational design of a system. It would then generate the computer code needed to try each one, and pick the ideas that work best. The hope is that this self-evolutionary process would produce radical advances that human researchers could never achieve on their own, in much the same way that A.I. can now solve math problems no human has ever solved.

If this happens, some believe, A.I. would rapidly become so powerful that it could dominate the world, for good or ill. "This should have been the top story in The New York Times for years now — every day," Dr. Abaluck told The Times. "Everything else, while important, is not as important as this."

But even Dr. Abaluck acknowledges that R.S.I. may not be as close as it seems, saying it could be decades away. Today, agents like Faraday are almost useless without help from experienced researchers like Dr. Hughes and Dr. Kirsch.

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飞蛾正席卷澳大利亚。这是个好消息。

澳大利亚，悉尼

曾陷入严重衰减的迁徙性博贡蛾，正迎来令人鼓舞的回归

作者：劳拉·钟（LAURA CHUNG）

几十年前，澳大利亚的春天意味着当你拿起毛巾或拉开窗帘时，会惊讶地发现一两只飞蛾在拍翅飞出，因为数以十亿计的博贡蛾正迁徙经过该国东南部的大片地区。

但自20世纪80年代以来，由于杀虫剂使用增加、栖息地破坏以及人工照明的普及，博贡蛾的数量急剧下降。2017年和2018年的严重干旱使该昆虫的数量减少了约99.5%。许多澳大利亚人不禁怀疑这些飞蛾是否还会回来。

今年，蛾群回来了，科学家们为此欢欣鼓舞。

大群博贡蛾再次完成了从温暖的内陆平原到该国东部凉爽高山地区的旅程，以便在9月至11月期间进行“夏眠”（estivate，一种休眠形式）。

这些长1.8英寸（4.6厘米）的棕色飞蛾，双翼上带有独特的黑色条纹和两个银色斑点，它们利用地球磁场和夜空的光线来定向。这些飞蛾在3月和4月期间返回内陆繁殖。

一些视频在网上疯传，画面显示人们在干燥的毛巾中发现飞蛾时被惊吓到了；还有一些片段记录了飞蛾在墙上聚集、在窗户上堆积或在汽车后备箱中“搭便车”的场景。

维多利亚动物园（Zoos Victoria）的高级保护生物学家玛丽莎·帕罗特（Marissa Parrott）表示，当公民科学家在由她共同领导的网站 Moth Tracker 上记录目击情况时，她的办公室里出现了流泪和快乐舞蹈的场景。

“我的脸颊都酸了，因为我一直在微笑，”她说。

“看到博贡蛾今年回归得如此之好，给了我们所有一个巨大的希望：尽管它们在过去因恶劣条件而遭受重创，但它们具有韧性，能够重新振作。”

自9月初以来，Moth Tracker 团队已收到 4,000 份提交记录。

他们分析了其中的 1,850 份以上，确认其中 1,600 多份为博贡蛾。

帕罗特博士表示，2024年是此前记录中表现最好的一年，当时有 1,950 多份提交记录，其中 1,089 份被证实为博贡蛾。这些飞蛾分布在澳大利亚大部分地区，但主要的迁徙发生在该国东南部。

帕罗特博士表示，种群在干旱后需要时间恢复。今年该国部分地区气候更湿润、更凉爽，为飞蛾创造了理想条件。

“我认为今年它们已经达到了一个更关键的规模，种群状态健康得多，”她说。

飞蛾迁徙在过去曾引发过混乱。

2000年，它们在悉尼奥运会闭幕式上造成了混乱，当时天气预报员最初将一群飞蛾误认为是一朵雨云（这些昆虫被体育场明亮的灯光所吸引）。这些飞蛾还曾让澳大利亚网球公开赛的网球巨星们感到不安，并迫使澳大利亚议会大厦更改照明方案，以确保迁徙的飞蛾不偏离航线。

这些飞蛾在澳大利亚的生态系统中发挥着至关重要的作用，既是传粉者，也是动物的食物来源——包括该国唯一会冬眠的有袋类动物山地侏儒负鼠。这些昆虫对澳大利亚原住民也具有文化意义。

新南威尔士州葡萄园 Vintner's Daughter 的业主斯蒂芬妮·赫尔姆（Stephanie Helm）在最近的一个周日拉起百叶窗时，首次发现了一只博贡蛾。

从那时起，她的家人在房子里，以及所有的樱花树和蹦床上都发现了这些飞蛾。

“我觉得非常、非常特别，因为有这么多飞蛾在我的门外觅食，”她说。

赫尔姆女士补充说，该地区在过去几年里经历了一段“相当艰难的时期”，包括山火、干旱、风暴和冰雹。她表示，她还注意到其他昆虫也在消失。

在谈到这些飞蛾时，她说：“看到它们回来，让人们觉得也许事情正在恢复正常。”

这些昆虫对赫尔姆女士的家人具有特殊的意义。几十年前，她的父亲曾为该国的科学机构研究博贡蛾，并将这种好奇心传给了孩子们。

埃莉诺·德林克沃特（Eleanor Drinkwater）是西悉尼大学的一位昆虫学家，参与了另一个公民科学家项目“博贡观察”（Bogong Watch）。她表示，虽然看到今年有如此大量的飞蛾回归是一件好事，但未来仍然充满不确定性。

她指出，例如，气候变化可能会影响这些飞蛾每年寻找的凉爽高山避难所。她补充说，实验环境已经证明，即使是轻微的温度变化也会改变飞蛾的行为。

保护生物学家帕罗特博士呼吁保护飞蛾的繁殖地，在它们的迁徙路线沿线种植本土植物，并减少强光照明。

她补充道：“它们仍然需要很多帮助，并且仍面临一些严峻的挑战。”

爱马仕（HERMÈS）

香奈儿（CHANEL）

📄 Original Section

"THE LAST INVENTION"

The idea of recursive self-improvement is nearly as old as A.I. itself. In the summer of 1956, when eleven academics gathered at Dartmouth College to create a new field of study they called “artificial intelligence,” they discussed ways of building machines that could improve themselves.

Two years later, Frank Rosenblatt, a researcher at Cornell University in New York State, built an early example of what these researchers called a “neural network,” a mathematical system that could learn skills by analyzing data. It ran on a massive supercomputer in Washington, inside the precursor to the National Weather Service.

When Dr. Rosenblatt fed small white cards into the machine — some marked with a small square on the left, others marked on the right — it could learn to distinguish between the two types of cards. He was confident his creation would eventually lead to systems that could walk, talk, see, write and “reproduce themselves on an assembly line.”

A decade later, this area of research ground to a halt. Researchers did not have the raw computing power or the prodigious amounts of data needed to really make the idea work.

But even as they realized that building artificial intelligence would take much longer than they expected, a British mathematician named I.J. Good predicted that their work could lead to an “intelligence explosion.” If an intelligent machine learned to improve itself, he argued, it would eclipse humanity forever.

“Thus the first ultraintelligent machine is the last invention that man need ever make, provided that the machine is docile enough to tell us how to keep it under control,” he said in a 1965 academic paper. “It is sometimes worthwhile to take science fiction seriously.”

Over the next 40 years, his argument helped fuel similar beliefs across Silicon Valley and beyond — even though, by the dawn of the new millennium, the world's most powerful A.I. technologies could barely recognize spoken words, much less walk, talk, see, write or reproduce themselves.

"Now is the time to take these ideas, which we have been incubating in the lab for decades, and start to really scale them up. We have all the pieces of the puzzle."

In time, scientists discovered how to unlock the true potential of Dr. Rosenblatt's technology — the neural network

ALANA PATERSON FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES

leading to the A.I. systems that are

JEFF CLUNE, a veteran of OpenAI, Google and other labs who helped found Recursive Superintelligence late last year

changing the world today. Soon, companies even built neural networks that could fine-tune other neural networks.

Last fall, Anthropic and OpenAI released particularly powerful technologies that could write computer code in much the same way that chatbots generate text in plain English.

With the proper instruction and oversight from experienced software engineers, these systems could spend minutes, hours, even days generating code capable of addressing tasks small and large.

Using these systems, engineers could create software with a speed that was unimaginable just a few months before. This is one reason researchers are bullish on the pursuit of R.S.I. OpenAI recently said that its A.I. technologies can now serve as an “automated research intern” — a step toward R.S.I., at least in theory.

But like any other intern — and like any other chatbot — these systems still require extensive instruction. They lack the common sense, wisdom, creativity and taste provided by experienced researchers. Though they can generate code, they are not nearly as adept at supplying the other key ingredient: ideas.

"The big value in human researchers is that they generate all these creative ideas all the time," said Mark Chen, OpenAI's chief research officer. "Our models are just not doing that right now."

The new wave of R.S.I. start-ups hope to change that.

EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTATION

In the summer of 2024, Dr. Clune and several other artificial intelligence researchers released an A.I. system designed to do their job. Called “The A.I. Scientist,” this automated technology could suggest promising avenues of research, explore each one using reams of computer code and then document its findings in a lengthy academic paper.

Several months later, when a group of academics at the University of Oxford in England published a paper that tried to explain the mysterious way that A.I. technologies learned their many skills, Dr. Clune recognized the idea at the heart of their research. His A.I. Scientist had explored the same concept.

"It was one of my favorite ideas it generated," he said on social media. And it was a moment that helped convince him that A.I. would soon be powerful enough to build itself.

“We have thought for decades that one day this would be possible. And that day has arrived,” he told The New York Times. “It is clear from looking at the history of A.I. that these systems are getting dramatically better — there is no end in sight — and that they will soon be better than us at every task.”

At the moment, companies build A.I. systems using methods that date back years or even decades. They design neural networks using an architecture called a transformer, which a team of Google researchers developed in 2017. But companies like Recursive and Inherent aim to create systems that can spawn entirely new architectures.

As it chases that lofty goal, Inherent is training its Faraday agent using data describing everything its researchers do. It is also using a method called reinforcement learning, in which A.I. systems learn by trial and error. Dr. Clune's company, Recursive Superintelligence, is exploring a technique called evolutionary computation, which is inspired by Darwinian evolution.

Reinforcement learning, Dr. Hughes explains, is like dropping an A.I. system into a maze. Through trial and error, it learns to find a way out. And if it is trained on enough mazes, it can solve mazes it has never seen. This is also how A.I. learns to solve math problems that no human has ever solved.

Among those who fear R.S.I., the worry is that this process will push A.I. forward in ways humans cannot completely understand — and at a speed they cannot keep up with. But, even as some researchers are confident they can someday make A.I. do what a top researcher does, others say this is much harder than it might seem.

Dr. Clune praised his A.I. Scientist for generating the same idea as a group of top researchers at the University of Oxford in England. But Branton DeMoss, who led the Oxford project, points out that their idea predated The A.I. Scientist, that they discussed it with Dr. Clune's team and that the idea was widely known.

That is: The A.I. Scientist explored the idea only because human researchers pointed it in the right direction.

时尚

📄 Original Section

Moths are swarming across Australia. That's good news.

SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA

Migratory bogong species, once in dire decline, makes an encouraging comeback

BY LAURA CHUNG

Decades ago, spring in Australia meant lifting a towel or opening a curtain to a surprised moth or two fluttering out, as billions of bogong moths migrated across vast swaths of the country's southeast.

But since the 1980s, the bogong moth population has declined drastically because of the increased use of insecticides, habitat destruction and the proliferation of artificial lighting. Bad droughts in 2017 and 2018 reduced the insect's population by about 99.5 percent. Many Australians were left wondering if the moths would return.

This year, the swarms are back and scientists are rejoicing.

Droves of bogong moths are once again completing the journey from the warm inland plains to estivate, a form of dormancy, in the cooler alpine areas of the country's east between September and November.

The 1.8-inch (4.6-centimeter) brown moths, with a distinctive black stripe and two silver spots on both wings, use the earth's magnetic fields and light from the night sky to orient themselves. The moths return inland to breed during March and April.

Videos showing people being startled as moths emerge from drying towels have gone viral, as has footage of moths swarming on walls, gathering on windows or hitching rides in car trunks.

Marissa Parrott, a senior conservation biologist at Zoos Victoria, said there had been tears and happy dances at her office as citizen scientists logged their sightings on Moth Tracker, a website she co-leads.

"My cheeks hurt because I've been smiling so much," she said.

"Seeing the bogong moths come back so well this year gives us all amazing hope that even though they've been knocked down due to those rough conditions in the past, that they can be resilient and they can bounce back."

Since the start of September, the Moth Tracker team has received 4,000 submissions.

They have analyzed more than 1,850 of those, confirming more than 1,600 as bogong moths.

In 2024, which Dr. Parrott said was the previous best year on record, there were more than 1,950 submissions with 1,089 verified bogong moths. The moths are found across most of Australia, but the main migration occurs in the country's southeast.

Dr. Parrott said the population has taken time to recover following the drought. This year has been wetter and cooler in parts of the country, creating ideal conditions for the moths.

"This year, I think they've gotten up to that more critical mass where the population is a lot healthier," she said.

The moth migration has caused chaos in the past.

In 2000, they wreaked havoc at the

LYN, VIA MOTH TRACKER/ZOOS VICTORIA

Bogong moths fly from Australia's inland plains to the alpine areas of the country's east between September and November.

closing ceremony of the Sydney Olympics, when weather forecasters initially mistook a swarm for a rain cloud (the insects had been drawn to the stadium's bright lights). The moths have also unsettled tennis superstars at the Australian Open, and forced Australia's Parliament House to change its lighting to keep the migrating moths on track.

The moths play a vital role in ecosystems in Australia, acting as pollinators and as a food source for animals — including the country's only hibernating marsupial, the mountain pygmy-possum. The insects also hold cultural significance for Indigenous Australians.

Stephanie Helm, owner of the Vintner's Daughter, a vineyard in the state of New South Wales, first spotted a bogong moth when she was pulling up the blinds on a recent Sunday.

Since then, her family has found the moths in the house, and all over their cherry blossom trees and trampoline.

"I'm feeling very, very special to have so many feeding outside my door," she said.

Ms. Helm added that the region had experienced a “pretty rough run in the last few years” including wildfires, droughts, storms and hail. She said she had also noticed the disappearance of other insects.

"To see them come back just makes people feel like maybe things are getting back to normal," she said of the moths.

The insects hold special significance for Ms. Helm's family. Her father studied bogong moths decades ago for the country's science agency and passed his curiosity on to his children.

Eleanor Drinkwater, an entomologist at Western Sydney University who is involved in Bogong Watch, another citizen-scientist project, said that while it was great to see the moths return in such large numbers this year, the future was still uncertain.

For example, climate change could affect the cool alpine refuge that the moths seek each year, she said. And even slight temperature changes have been shown to alter the moths' behavior in lab settings, she added.

Dr. Parrott, the conservation biologist, called for protection of the moths' breeding grounds, the planting of native flora along their migration route and a reduction of bright lights.

"They still need a lot of help and they still face some serious battles," she added.

HERMÈS

CHANEL

相当新颖之作

巴黎

作者：凡妮莎·弗里德曼（VANESSA FRIEDMAN）

直到整个时尚季倒数第二天的晚场秀，才终于看到一位设计师尝试完全新颖的东西。终于等到了！

大皇宫玻璃穹顶下的中庭被改造成了一个某种幻想中的海景，用于马修·布拉齐（Matthieu Blazy）的香奈儿（Chanel）大秀。地面经过漆面处理，营造出绿色的海水流过覆盖着苔藓的岩石的效果，而数百只白海鸥悬挂在天花板上，在头顶翱翔。

这很美，但这并不是最令人震撼的地方。创造童话世界来展示其系列作品已成为布拉齐的惯常做法。

服装本身变得更加轻盈，布拉齐扩展了他的设计宇宙，包括受爱德华时代内衣启发、近乎透明的香奈儿套装，短款的派对女孩版香奈儿套装，以及许多看起来像香奈儿套装但实际上是错视（trompe l'oeil）粗花呢变体（用珠饰在幻象薄纱上复制）的套装。此外，还有足以进入德加画作的舞者裙，配有模塑躯干和由多层薄纱制成的裙摆，以及为查尔斯顿舞设计的低腰飞来波女装（flapper frocks）。

这些毫无疑问将出现在即将到来的颁奖季中，但这同样并不令人意外。

奥罗尔·马雷夏尔 / 盖蒂图片社

香奈儿

这就是马修·布拉齐的香奈儿之所在：解决问题。

辛巴拉舍·查 / 纽约时报

更有趣的是，布拉齐缩小了他有时显得方正的轮廓，因此裙装更像铅笔裙而非臃肿款，且前后设有开衩，这样人们无需改变步幅。虽然这对他是全新的——且是一种改进——但这并不完全是一个原创想法。此外，他确实屈服于一些过度精巧的冲动，加入了一些古怪的动物纹与皮埃罗（Pierrot）风格结合的针织衫。

那么，新颖之处究竟在哪里？

乍一看很难分辨。但当最后 15 套造型出现时，尽管它们看起来依然像传统的粗花呢，但似乎也……有点弹性？有点不受拘束？它们的律动……像运动装？

事实证明，布拉齐构思了一台新机器，可以对欧根纱或丝绸进行抽褶处理，使其看起来像粗花呢，但实际上是被挤压在一起的。这赋予了面料极强的拉伸强度，使其像莱卡（Lycra）一样，随身体伸展和移动，并能回弹成夹克、 Polo 衫、小黑裙或经典的黑色裙装套装。它们在任何意义上都是富有弹性的。

“我最喜欢的是你可以把它们折叠起来，”布拉齐在一次预展中说道。（他还说他试穿了一件夹克作为测试；按理说那件应该太小了，“但因为有弹性，看起来效果很好，”他笑着说。）

忘掉运动休闲风（athleisure）吧。这是“运动优雅风”（athelegance）。

将胸罩当作上衣穿着

尽管时尚界痴迷于在口头上标榜创新，但真正的创新在时尚领域实属罕见。在那些传承品牌中尤其如此，这些品牌的掌舵者往往认为，忠于品牌精神就意味着忠于完全相同的服装，使用几乎相同的面料，并一遍又一遍地重复相同的“代码”。

但如果迪奥（Dior）还活着并在今天工作，他很可能不会去设计另一个版本的 Bar 夹克；他会挑战我们的预期。

——或者至少尝试这样做。伊夫·圣罗兰（Yves Saint Laurent）也是如此。皮埃尔·巴尔曼（Pierre Balmain）亦然（以及蒂埃里·穆格勒、安德烈·库雷热、艾尔莎·夏帕瑞丽以及所有其他那些如今已不在人世、但其品牌仍活跃在巴黎时装周的创始人们）。布莱齐（Blazy）明白这一点，而香奈儿（Chanel）的所有者足够聪明，给了他尝试的空间和时间。

毕竟，那些抽褶机花了一年半的时间才研究出来，布莱齐在预展中是这么说的。部分原因是“你需要在一个合适的工厂里找到一个拥有合适思维的合适的人”。

而且这并非唯一的技术突破。团队还创造了一台机器，能将珍珠和亮片织入实际的纤维中，然后再将纤维编织成服装，而不是在事后将装饰物缝上去。

这意味着，例如，一件覆盖着微小种子珍珠的无袖象牙色衬衫，搭配宽松的西装裤，它具有背心般的弹性和强度；而一件 1930 年代银幕风格的斑驳亮片礼服虽然看起来脆弱——但实际上几乎坚不可摧。

实际上几乎坚不可摧。它们可以被塞进行李箱，穿着去参加彻夜舞会，或者代代相传，就像加布里埃尔·香奈儿本人在 1955 年携带的那款手袋一样，那款手袋从档案库中被挖掘出来，由那位在秀场开场和闭场时同时出场的模特携带。

除了 T 台上各种女性穿着各种套装、搭配各种鞋子（83 套服装每套都配有不同款式的鞋子——布莱齐知道狂热追随者在买什么）之外，这就是布莱齐的香奈儿的核心：解决问题。让女性能够自由地活动和生活，而无需在考虑穿着问题上多花一秒钟。这解释了为何“香奈儿狂热”依然席卷时尚界。

当然，这也是可可·香奈儿（Coco Chanel）的香奈儿所追求的。这比任何双 C 标志、山茶花或珍珠都具有更深层的联系，因为它为现代性创造了空间。

此外，这些衣服看起来确实很美。

巴黎

作者：凡妮莎·弗里德曼（VANESSA FRIEDMAN）

缪齐亚·普拉达（Miuccia Prada）是时尚界伟大的先知之一；她能够洞察女性生活中复杂、混乱且不断增长的欲望，并将其反映在服装中，这种能力使她拥有了近乎神话般的地位。

这一点在她的 Miu Miu 系列中尤为明显，她将该系列变成了一个实验皿，用来尝试那些陈词滥调的女性配饰——围裙、舞会礼服、内衣、家庭教师的黑衣——并以出人意料的方式将其重新定义，以实现她自己（以及其他所有人）的目的。

因此，在巴黎看到她炼金术工具箱中最大的新变量是——运动装时，人们感到很惊讶。字面意义上的：运动胸罩、短款弹性健身短裤、运动裤和拉链运动衫。此外还有 New Balance 运动鞋（他们有合作款）和升级改造的 Wrangler 牛仔裤（同理）。

胸罩最初作为短款上衣，穿在剪裁利落的夹克之下，搭配低腰的百褶学院风格子裙，裙子在腰部一侧系带——或解开——以露出部分腿部。随后演变为系成挂脖状的围巾，搭配侧面带扣的硬朗机车皮裙。接着，为了晚装而点缀珠宝。短裤采用了标志性的 1970 年代印花，带有抽绳，像平角裤一样穿着，从腰带中若隐若现。运动衫带有条纹，被用来替代西装外套。

“这就是现在人们的穿着方式，”普拉达（Prada）在秀后耸肩表示，“基本上，要么是日装，要么是红毯装。所以我认为我可以将优雅引入运动风，反之亦然。”

这倒也合理。但问题在于：人们其实已经这样穿一段时间了。运动与时尚之间一直维持着一段长期的关系，且早就在很久以前达到了临界点（普拉达本身就是其中的一部分，其 Linea Rossa 系列便是证明）。因此，虽然像往常一样，看到普拉达对这一主题的诠释是一次快感，但其结果似乎与其说是未来的预兆或对现状的挑战，不如说是对这场对话的一次迟到补充。

即便普拉达现在请来了标志性的知名面孔来为这些创意注入活力——或者说分散注意力：奥利维亚·科尔曼（Olivia Colman）身着黑色皮革裙装；露易莎·雅各布森（Louisa Jacobson）身着围巾挂脖上衣、巧克力色运动裤和海军蓝西装外套。此外还有其他人。

不过，至少在一点上，普拉达绝对预判正确：那就是大量出现的运动内衣。内衣，或像内衣的上衣，或将内衣直接作为上衣，已成为本季最普遍的趋势之一，以及其伴随而来的趋势：露腹。

这始于米兰，由（没错）普拉达和芬迪（Fendi）发起——更不用说传奇内衣品牌 La Perla 的重新启动——并在巴黎进一步势头强劲。在巴黎，海德·阿克曼（Haider Ackermann）在 Tom Ford 的设计中，无论是否刻意，实际上提出了与 Miu Miu 的运动风“阳”相对的性感“阴”。在这两个极端之间，出现了各种变体。

例如，在让-保罗·高缇耶（Jean Paul Gaultier）那里，有看起来像犀牛角的内衣上衣；在 Valentino 那里，有交叉丝绸挂脖内衣；在爱马仕（Hermès）那里，甚至有由皮革和丝绸围巾制成的抹胸内衣上衣。而在 Loewe，花卉内衣上衣成为了错视派派对礼服的一部分，杰克·麦考洛（Jack McCollough）和拉扎罗·赫尔南德斯（Lazaro Hernandez）继续阐明他们关于工艺与运动装（典型的时尚类运动装，而非体育类）结合的理念，效果相当利落。

至于为什么会出现这么多内衣，普拉达本人可能要承担责任，或者更准确地说，是她大约四年前在 Miu Miu 推出的短款上衣搭配超低腰超短裙套装——该套装主导了网红圈，催生了数以千计的仿品，并使该品牌成为一个真正的现象级存在。

将此与“裸装”的兴起、下一代群体对 90 年代和千禧年（社交媒体出现前的最后几年）的怀旧，以及受 GLP-1 药物启发而想要展示新缩减身材的冲动相结合；再加上名人们的认可；你就得到了“内衣狂潮”（brazilla）和“内衣盛宴”（Bralapalooza）。这是对第二波女性主义者呼吁焚烧内衣的最终晚期资本主义结论。Bra-vo（内衣万岁）？

📄 Original Section

Something quite new

PARIS

BY VANESSA FRIEDMAN

It took until the evening show of the pen-ultimate day of the whole fashion season to finally see a designer try something completely new. At last!

The atrium under the glass dome of the Grand Palais had been transformed into a sort of fantasy seascape for Matthieu Blazy's Chanel show, the floor lacquered to create the effect of greenish water running over moss-covered rocks, while hundreds of white gulls, suspended from the ceiling, soared overhead.

That was lovely, but it wasn't what was so striking. Making fairy tale worlds in which to show his collections has become Blazy's modus operandi.

The clothes themselves had lightened up even further, with Blazy expanding his universe to include practically transparent wisps of Chanel suits inspired by Edwardian lingerie, cropped party girl versions of Chanel suits, and a lot of Chanel suits that only looked like Chanel suits but were actually variations on trompe l'oeil tweed (beaded, replicated with embroidery on illusion tulle). Also Degas-worthy dancer dresses with molded torsos and skirts made from layers of tulle, and dropped-waist flapper frocks made for the Charleston.

Those are unquestionably bound for the coming awards season, but that wasn't a surprise either.

AURORE MARECHAL/GETTY IMAGES

CHANEL

This is what Matthieu Blazy's Chanel is about: solving problems.

SIMBARASHE CHA/THE NEW YORK TIMES

More interestingly, Blazy had shrunk his sometimes boxy silhouette, so skirts were more pencil than frumpy, with slits in front and back, so no one had to alter her stride. But while that was new for him — and an improvement — it's not exactly an original idea. Besides, he did give in to some of his overly crafty impulses, and include some bizarre animal print-meets-Pierrot knits.

So where exactly was the novelty?

At first glance, it was hard to discern. But when the last 15 looks appeared, even though they seemed, yet again, like more traditional bouclé, they also seemed . . . kind of stretchy? Kind of unencumbered? They moved . . . like workout wear?

Turned out Blazy had dreamed up a new machine that smocked organza or silk so it looked like tweed but was actually crunched together, giving the fabric so much tensile strength it acted like Lycra, stretching and moving with the body, bouncing back into the shape of a jacket, a polo shirt, a little black dress, the quintessential black skirt suit. They were springy, in every sense of the word.

“What I love the most is that you can fold them,” Blazy said in a preview. (He also said he had tried on one of the jackets as a test; it should have been way too small, “but because it’s stretchy, it looked good,” he said with a grin.)

Forget athleisure. This is athelegance.

10月7日的幽灵

在以色列那场大屠杀三周年之际，像阿维纳坦·奥尔（Avinatan Or）以及 FlyDubai 航班乘客这样的故事具有深刻的启示意义。

布雷特·斯蒂芬斯（Bret Stephens）

“在我被释放的三天前，哈马斯指挥官来告诉我：‘听着，阿维纳坦，向你的家人问好，然后收拾东西搬到欧洲或美国去。因为只要以色列还存在，我们就会一次又一次地重复 10月7日。’”

阿维纳坦·奥尔是一名 33 岁的英伟达（Nvidia）电气工程师。在我们关于他在加沙被扣为人质 738 天的漫长交谈接近尾声时，他讲述了这个轶事。在那段时间里，他几乎一直被禁闭在闷热的地下隧道中。在第 409 天，他陷入了一次精心策划的逃脱尝试：他从附近的储藏室偷了一把镐子，潜到构成牢房后墙的沙袋后面，向上挖掘穿过了 30 多英尺的泥土、岩石和混凝土，直到他冲破地面，呼吸到新鲜空气，并在一个令人振奋但转瞬即逝的时刻，看到了星空。

因为这次大胆的尝试，哈马斯将他绑在椅子上，鞭打并用棍棒殴打了一周，然后将他锁在牢房里近 11 个月。他告诉我，在最糟糕的时候，他体重减轻了 80 多磅。我问他，为什么最初要冒风险尝试逃脱？“我不会让别人决定我的命运，”他说，“外面的士兵在为我而战；我也必须战斗。”

奥尔的希伯来语回忆录《穿过地面》（Through the Ground）在以色列迅速成为畅销书。他认为，除非哈马斯被彻底击败，否则无论是以色列人还是加沙平民（奥尔对后者表达了充分的同情）都无法获得和平。即便在战争三年之后，哈马斯仍未被击败。而这一事实，反过来又是两个深刻且可能无法弥合的分歧结果：第一个分歧在以色列内部；第二个分歧在以色列与世界之间。

从最广泛的意义上讲，以色列内部的分歧在于“特权精神”与“服务精神”之间。这是以色列人在本月下旬投票时面临的基本选择。

在特权一方：是快速增长的超正统派人群的领导者，他们认为其选民理应获得政府的福利，并被绝对豁免兵役，即便军队正因严重的人力短缺而呻吟。此外，还有极右翼的弥赛亚主义者，他们坚信自己对整个约旦河西岸拥有神圣的权利，并认为在欺凌和恐吓巴勒斯坦邻居时可以免于法律制裁。

最具有特权意识的是本雅明·内塔尼亚胡。这位总理确实有其成就，尤其是他愿意正面对抗伊朗，而非仅与伊朗的代理人作战。但他也认为，通过组建特权阶层的联盟、寻求法律豁免、制造国家内斗、抵制成立独立委员会调查 10月7日事件、将这场灾难归咎于自己的高级安全官员和部长，以及将针对哈马斯、真主党、伊朗和其他敌人的那些依然脆弱的成就据为己有，他可以永远留在权力之位。

在相反的一方是以色列的服务者。他们是数十万名以色列平民，虽然已完成常规服役但仍留在预备役中，他们穿着军装度过了数百天，且经常处于战斗状态，远离事业、社区和家庭。他们是这些预备役人员的配偶，他们抚养孩子、工作、维持生活的常态，并祈祷自己不会成为丧亲之人。他们是上周在几乎被劫持的 FlyDubai 航班上冲向驾驶舱的以色列乘客，为了公共利益毫不犹豫地冒着生命危险。他们是在这场战争中失去亲人的数千名以色列人。其中包括前陆军参谋长、领先的反对派候选人加迪·艾森科特（Gadi Eisenkot），他在军中服役 41 年，并在加沙的战斗中失去了一个儿子和两个侄子。

双方之间的分歧深远，且可能无法调和。而这在犹太

从最广泛的意义上讲，以色列内部的分裂在于“特权精神”与“服务精神”之间的对立。这就是以色列人在本月下旬前往投票站时面临的基本选择。

历史之中。上周在喝酒时，《犹太愚行》（The Jewish March of Folly）的作者、对犹太政治历史进行了精彩重新解读的阿莫茨·亚萨-埃尔（Amotz Asa-El）告诉我：“古代以色列的政治崩溃是由内部冲突引发的，其中十几次内战起到了推波助澜的作用，最终导致以色列失去了权力、尊严和土地。”他补充道，“所有这些力量现在在以色列重新上演。”

亚萨-埃尔提醒我，公元70年罗马帝国洗劫耶路撒冷之前，残酷的犹太派系内斗为其铺平了道路。以色列人现在正意识到，他们面临着一种新型“洗劫”的风险，而这一次则是来自海外的道德诽谤和经济抵制运动。

由此产生了第二道分歧，即以色列与世界之间的分歧。周日，英国绿党投票决定将锡安主义宣布为一种种族主义（这让人想起20世纪70年代的一项联合国决议，当时丹尼尔·帕特里克·莫伊尼汉将其谴责为“这一臭名昭著的行为），并支持在“所有历史上的巴勒斯坦地区”建立一个“所有人都享有平等权利”的“单一民主巴勒斯坦国家”。

此类举措还将接踵而至。虽然其中一部分是基于对以色列政策的合理反对，但另一部分则建立在一种刻意的愚蠢与狡诈的诽谤之上，其目的并非改变以色列的政策，而是摧毁这个国家本身。正如以色列评论员阿米特·塞加尔（Amit Segal）在谈到绿党的决议时所指出的：“很少有句子能包含如此多的虚伪和无知：将犹太民族主义贴上种族主义标签，而将巴勒斯坦民族主义视为正义，这便是虚伪；而相信任何此类巴勒斯坦国家会是民主国家，更不用说保证平等权利，这便是无知。”

这正是对以色列的狂热批评脱离正轨之处：它在某种程度上想象，或假装圣地危机的责任仅在一方，而以色列的安全挑战要么是其凭空想象，要么是对其自身政策的报应。

OFIR BERMAN FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES

以色列在成立之初，其敌人就宣称要将其灭绝，近八十年后，这些意图依然没有改变。以色列人在本世纪的经验是，每当他们撤出领土——无论是在2000年的黎巴嫩南部还是2005年的加沙——他们既没有获得国际社会的宽容，也没有获得身体上的安全。

相反，他们的撤退为那种恐怖行径创造了集结地，许多以色列人在10月7日及其之后亲身经历了这些恐怖——而世界上许多所谓的人道主义者和正义追求者却选择庆祝、淡化或直接否认这些恐怖行例。在外交部、媒体和大学校园里那些对以色列不断的批评者们，或许应该试着记住，以色列人并非在幻觉中感知自身的危险。

他们或许还应该记住，在他们令人厌倦的对以色列的妖魔化过程中，他们实际上是在加强他们在以色列内部声称最厌恶的那些力量。内塔尼亚胡在上个月向联合国发表的演讲中，将修辞火力指向纽约市长佐兰·马姆达尼（Zohran Mamdani），这并非没有原因：这位总理是在迎合一个政治基本盘，该群体认为（并非完全没有理由地）全世界都反对以色列，因此国家必须采取尽可能不妥协的政策予以回应。在政治哲学家迈卡·古德曼（Micah Goodman）告诉我的那个“唯一的摇摆州是中右翼”的国家里，这是一种可能让内塔尼亚胡继续留任的政治策略。

正因如此，随着周三迎来10月7日大屠杀三周年，像阿维纳坦·奥尔（Avinatan Or）以及飞迪拜航空乘客这样的故事才如此具有启发意义。以色列人若要克服他们面临的艰巨挑战，以追求胜利与和平，那么服务精神——即奉献自我、亲力亲为、在重重困难中掌控自身命运的精神——必须战胜特权心态。而对于以色列真正的支持者（包括那些出于善意的批评者）来说，若要推动这种精神向前发展，他们需要与那些单纯希望以色列消失的人之间划定一条坚定的道德界限。

在本月的投票箱前，以色列人民还需要冲向另一个“驾驶舱”。

特拉维夫人质广场的一棵树上系着黄色丝带标志。

📄 Original Section

Wearing your bra as a top

Despite the industry's obsession with paying lip service to the new, real innovation is rare in fashion. It is particularly rare in heritage houses, whose stewards often seem to believe that staying true to a brand's ethos means staying true to the exact same garments in much the same material with the same “codes” repeated over and over again.

But if Dior were alive and working today, odds are he wouldn't be designing yet another version of the Bar jacket; he'd be messing with our expectations

— or at least trying to. Ditto Yves Saint Laurent. Ditto Pierre Balmain (and Thierry Mugler, André Courrèges, Elsa Schiaparelli and all the other now-gone founders of the brands that populate Paris Fashion Week). Blazy understands this, and Chanel's owners have been smart enough to give him the room to try, and the time to do it.

Those smocking machines, after all, took a year and a half to figure out, or so Blazy said in the preview. In part because “you need to find the right person in the right factory who has the right mind.”

And that wasn't the only technical breakthrough. The team had also created a machine that wove pearls and sequins into the actual filament that was then knitted into garments, rather than sewing the decoration on after the fact.

That meant, for example, a sleeveless ivory shirt covered in tiny seed pearls and worn with slouchy tailored trousers had the spring and strength of a tank top, and a 1930s silver-screen dress of mottled sequins had an air of fragility — but was actually almost indestructible.

But was actually almost indestructible. They could be shoved in a suitcase, worn to an all-night dance party or passed down over generations, like the handbag Gabrielle Chanel herself carried in 1955 that had been dug out of the archive so it could be carried by the model who both opened and closed the show.

Along with the variety of women on the runway in their variety of suits with their variety of shoes (a different style for every one of the 83 outfits — Blazy knows what the fanatics are buying), this is what Blazy's Chanel is about: solving problems. Freeing women to move and go about their day without having to spend another second thinking about what they are wearing. It's what explains the Chanelmania still sweeping fashion.

It is also, of course, what Coco Chanel's Chanel was about. And it is a much deeper point of connection than, say, any double C or camellia or pearl, because it creates space for modernity.

Besides, the clothes look really good.

PARIS

BY VANESSA FRIEDMAN

Miuccia Prada is one of the great oracles of fashion; a woman whose ability to suss out the complications and messiness and burgeoning desires in women's lives and reflect them in clothes has elevated her to near-mythical status.

This is especially true when it comes to her Miu Miu line, which she has made into a sort of petri dish for experimenting with the clichéd accouterments of femininity — aprons, prom dresses, lingerie, governess weeds — and re-appropriating them in unexpected ways to her own (and everyone else's) ends.

So it was a surprise in Paris to see that the biggest new variable in her alchemical kit was — sportswear. Literally: sports bras and short stretchy workout shorts and sweatpants and zip-up sweat shirts. Also New Balance sneakers (they have a collaboration) and upcycled Wrangler jeans (ditto).

The bras started as cropped tops under hacking jackets and over low-slung pleated schoolgirl plaid skirts that had been laced up one hip — or unlaced — to show a bit of leg. Morped into scarves tied into halters atop tough biker leather skirts buckled on the side. Then got bejeweled for evening. The shorts, in signature 1970s prints, tied with a drawstring and worn like boxers, peeking out from waistbands. The sweats were striped, and subbed in for blazers.

"It's how people dress now," Prada shrugged after the show. "Basically, it's daywear or red carpet. So I thought that I'd bring elegance to the sport and vice versa."

Fair enough. But here's the thing: It's also how people have been dressing for awhile. Sports and fashion have been in an extended relationship that long ago reached critical mass (Prada itself was part of all that, with its Linea Rossa line). So while it was, as always, a blast to see Prada's take on the subject, the result seemed less a sign of things to come or a challenge to the status quo than a sort of late addition to the conversation.

MIU MIU SIMBARASHE CHA/THE NEW YORK TIMES

Even with Prada's now-signature cast of recognizable faces there to animate — or distract from — the ideas: Olivia Colman, in a black leather skirt suit; Louisa Jacobson, in a scarf halter top, chocolate sweatpants and navy blazer. Among others.

Still, in one respect at least, Prada absolutely called it: the plethora of sports bras. Bras, or bra-like tops, or bras as tops, have become one of the most ubiquitous trends of the season, along with their corollary: the exposed abdomen.

It began back in Milan, with (yup) Prada and Fendi — not to mention the relaunch of La Perla, the storied lingerie brand — and has only gathered more momentum in Paris, where Haider Ackermann at Tom Ford effectively, if not intentionally, proposed the sexy yin to Miu Miu's sporty yang. In between the two extremes, variations have emerged.

There were, for example, bra tops that looked like nothing so much as rhino horns at Jean Paul Gaultier, crisscross silk halter bras at Valentino, even bandeau bra tops crafted from leather and silk scarves at Hermès. And floral bra tops as part of trompe l'oeil party dresses at Loewe, where Jack McCollough and Lazaro Hernandez continue to clarify their ideas about the combination of craft and sportswear (the typical fashion kind, not the athletic kind) to pretty zippy effect.

As to why all these bras, Prada herself may be to blame, or rather the cropped top-and-ultra-low-waist-miniskirt set she introduced about four years ago at Miu Miu that dominated the influencer sphere, spawned a thousand copies, and made the brand into a veritable phenomenon.

Combine that with the rise of naked dressing, nostalgia among the next gen set for the '90s and Y2K (the last years before social media) and GLP-1-inspired urges to show off newly shrunken bodies; power it with celebrity buy-in; and you get brazilla. Bralapalooza. The ultimate late-stage capitalist conclusion to the second wave feminists' call for bra burning. Bra-vo?

我的 Z 世代学生们被《钦定版圣经》深深吸引

帕斯夸莱·S·托斯卡诺 (Pasquale S. Toscano)

这是一场关于协作式智力博弈的大师课。

在我任教文艺复兴文学的这所文理学院里，很少有学生似乎在信奉某种有组织的宗教。对于有些人来说，即使是亚当和夏娃这两个名字也只能唤起模糊的认知。因此，当我在去年春天布置了《钦定版圣经》（King James Bible）的部分章节作为作业时，它所激发的浓厚兴趣令我感到惊讶。

我的学生们惊叹于 17 世纪的作家如何运用其中的语言，将其呈现在大胆的诗歌以及反对落后社会规范的论战中。而文本背后的历史或许更令他们印象深刻：大约 50 位几乎被遗忘的学者如何共同创作了一本书，使其在数百年的时间里成为新教徒默认的英文圣经，从而跨越了地理、性别、种族和阶级的鸿沟。

我们走在了趋势的前面。在过去的几个月里，有更多美国人在讨论《钦定版圣经》——只不过原因并不正确。今年 6 月，德克萨斯州推进了一项计划，要求公立学校的学生必须阅读《钦定版圣经》中的部分段落。尽管有一些显著的辩护，但该计划因其可疑的合宪性和强制性的课程设置而遭到了猛烈抨击。我在此并不打算为其正名。

但我确实感谢德克萨斯州将《钦定版圣经》重新带回了我们的文化视野。这部文本是协作、对语言的细致关注以及意识形态谦卑的大师课。在我们这个孤独且寡言的时代，它正是我们现在需要的书。

与所有伟大的事物一样，《钦定版圣经》始于一次会议。（至少这次会议是在宫殿里举行的。）1604 年的会议发生在苏格兰的詹姆斯六世继任英格兰王位后不久。詹姆斯出生于天主教母亲，但由强硬的新教徒抚养长大，他希望成为某种宗教统一者。他会见了英格兰教会内两个敌对派系的代表：高教会派和清教徒。清教徒关于宗教改革的大部分想法都被否决了——除了一项。詹姆斯同意授权对圣经进行一次新的翻译。

与大多数英文“伟大的著作”不同，《钦定版圣经》并非由单个作者完成，而是由六个由性格迥异的男性组成的组别（或委员会）承担。其中一人约翰·欧弗罗尔 (John Overall) 精通拉丁语，以至于说英语会让他感到精疲力竭。另一位学识渊博且言辞犀利的兰塞洛特·安德鲁斯 (Lancelot Andrewes) 用英语讲道时能吸引大量人群。例如《创世记》中的这段描述：“地是空虚混沌，渊面黑暗”，便闪耀着他标志性的平行结构和戏剧性节奏的光芒。

其他译者也成就了各自的雄辩与庄严。我最喜欢的段落之一是《诗篇》30 中对人类毅力的赞歌：“因为他的愤怒不过片刻，他的恩惠就是生命：夜晚虽然有哭泣，早晨却有欢欣。”

从某些衡量标准来看，译者群体非常单一——白人、男性、基督徒、学者，而且几乎全部是神职人员。但这些组别包含了其他形式的多样性。前威斯敏斯特院长与乡村牧师同处一室。清教徒与高教会派联手。在天主教徒极不受欢迎的时代，该团体甚至寻求新教以外的帮助。

DAVE BOWERS

理论上，每位译者都要处理其所属组别分配的所有书籍。这意味着要仔细研究希伯来语或希腊语原文、早期评论以及其他译本，以融合它们的各种优势。最终，委员会成员再次集会，以确定一个每个人都能接受的版本，就像感恩节晚餐上的家人一样，在文字的盛宴中挑选。然后，他们将工作提交给其他组别以获取反馈——并在需要时咨询外部专家——最后提交定稿。

整个过程需要对模糊性保持一定的开放态度。正如神职人员兼翻译迈尔斯·史密斯（Miles Smith）在 1611 年《钦定版圣经》（King James）的前言中所指出的，许多希伯来语和希腊语单词在英语中都有多个对应的词汇。其中一些替代方案被列在页边注中，另一些则由翻译人员进行了辩论。一位翻译者记录了保罗那句名言“我像孩子一样理解”（I understood as a child）中动词“理解”（ephronoun）的替代词：“我像孩子一样在意”、“我拥有孩子的心智”、“我像孩子一样想象”、“我像孩子一样受影响”。这些可能性由审查《钦定版圣经》定稿的超级委员会通过朗读的方式进行了考量。每当出现疑虑时，朗读就会暂停，直到分歧得到解决。

这一切耗时近十年。然而，其结果是一部准确得令人印象深刻的译本，而且几乎是顺带地，它也极其优美。正如史密斯在前言中所写，《钦定版圣经》 “打开了窗户，让光线照进来”。这段文本照亮的不仅仅是 17 世纪的思想：伊丽莎白·卡迪·斯坦顿（Elizabeth Cady Stanton）在 19 世纪 90 年代出版的《女性圣经》中借鉴了《钦定版》；林肯在《葛底斯堡演说》中呼应了它的节奏；马丁·路德·金在“我有一个梦想”的演讲中对其进行了重新编排。

尽管它不再是新教徒默认的圣经，尽管我们所处的时代更加世俗，甚至可能是一个后阅读 era, 但看到《钦定版》依然能引起读者的共鸣，我感到深受鼓舞。首先，数十个人通过协作艰苦地打造圣经的故事，与如今让思考、写作和社交工作比以往任何时候都更容易被外包的人工智能工具形成了强有力的对比。

几周前，一个麻省理工学院（M.I.T.）的 AI 委员会报告称，该校经历了“办公时间（office hours）出席率下降，在线讨论参与度降低，并且根据我们听到的传闻，宿舍、图书馆和其他学习空间的面对面学习小组数量有所减少”。学术会议上充斥着关于学生的低语——这些学生不愿参与同行论文修改的程度，与其愿意提交由 Claude 编造的论文的程度不相上下。我的一些学生也提到，当其他机构的朋友以及某些同龄人独自快速完成工作时，在研讨课上保持动力是一项挑战。

在抽象层面为协作性的智力斗争正名是很困难的。庆幸的是，《钦定版圣经》提供了一些具体的帮助。它生动地展现了这种努力的曲折路径及其益处。事实上，这本书最持久的教训是：智力探索不必是一场孤独的、更不必是在屏幕孤岛中进行的活动。恰恰相反，它通过与他人共处同一张桌子，在同样具有人性色彩的文本中引导身份与观点上的差异，从而获得意义与细微差别。

帕斯夸莱·S·托斯卡诺（PASQUALE S. TOSCANO）是瓦萨学院（Vassar College）的英语助理教授。

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📄 Original Section

The ghosts of Oct. 7

On the third anniversary of the massacre in Israel, stories like Avinatan Or's and the FlyDubai passengers' are deeply instructive.

Bret Stephens

"Three days before I got released, the Hamas commanders came to tell me, 'Listen, Avinatan, say hi to your family, then pack your things and move to Europe or the U.S. Because as long as Israel exists, we will do Oct. 7 over and over again.'"

Avinatan Or, a 33-year-old electrical engineer for Nvidia, recounted this anecdote near the end of our long conversation about the 738 days he spent as a hostage in Gaza, almost all of them in solitary confinement in a stifling underground tunnel. On the 409th day, he was caught in an elaborate escape attempt that involved pilfering a pickax from a nearby storage room, getting behind the sandbags that formed the back wall of his cell and digging his way upward through more than 30 feet of earth, rock and concrete until he broke the surface, breathed fresh air and, for an exhilarating if fleeting moment, saw the stars.

For his audacity, Hamas tied him to a chair, whipped and clubbed him for a week, then chained him to his cell for close to 11 months. At his lowest point, he told me, he lost more than 80 lbs. Why, I asked, did he take the risk of trying to escape in the first place? “I will not let other people decide my destiny,” he said. “Soldiers outside are fighting for me; I have to fight, too.”

Or, whose Hebrew-language memoir "Through the Ground" has been an instant best seller in Israel, believes there will be no peace for either Israelis or Gazan civilians (toward whom Or expresses abundant sympathy) until Hamas is permanently defeated. It hasn't been, even after three years of war. That fact, in turn, is a result of two deep and possibly unbridgeable divisions: the first within Israel; the second between Israel and the world.

The division inside of Israel, in the broadest sense, is between the spirit of entitlement and the spirit of service. That's the basic choice that faces Israelis when they go to the polls late this month.

On the entitled side: the leaders of the fast-growing ultra-Orthodox population, who believe their voters are owed welfare from the government along with a categorical exemption from military service, even as the army groans under an acute manpower shortage. Also, the far-right Messianics, who are convinced they have a divine right to the entirety of the West Bank, along with an exemption from legal consequences for bullying and terrorizing their Palestinian neighbors.

Most entitled: Benjamin Netanyahu. The prime minister has real achievements to his name, above all his willingness to confront Iran head-on instead of fighting only its proxies. But he also thinks he can stay in office forever by assembling coalitions of the entitled, seeking legal impunity, dividing the country against itself, resisting calls for an independent commission of inquiry into Oct. 7, blaming his own senior security and ministerial officers for the catastrophe and taking credit for achievements against Hamas, Hezbollah, Iran and other foes that remain tenuous.

On the opposite side are the service Israelis. They are the hundreds of thousands of Israeli civilians, done with their regular army service but still in the reserves, who have spent hundreds of days in uniform and often in combat, away from careers and communities and families. They are the spouses of those reservists, who have raised children, gone to work, kept up appearances of normality and prayed they won't be left bereaved. They are the Israeli passengers who last week rushed the cockpit of the almost-hijacked FlyDubai flight, unhesitatingly risking their necks for the common good. They are the thousands of Israelis who have lost loved ones in this war. That includes Gadi Eisenkot, the former army chief of staff and leading opposition candidate, who spent 41 years in uniform and lost a son and two nephews in the fighting in Gaza.

The difference between the two sides is profound and potentially irreconcilable. It's also nothing new in Jewish

The division inside of Israel, in the broadest sense, is between the spirit of entitlement and the spirit of service. That's the basic choice that faces Israelis when they go to the polls late this month.

history. “Ancient Israel’s political collapse was spawned by internal strife, underscored by a dozen civil wars, which ultimately resulted in Israel’s loss of its power, dignity and land,” Amotz Asa-El, author of “The Jewish March of Folly,” a brilliant reinterpretation of Jewish political

history, told me over drinks last week. "All these forces are now back in play in Israel."

Asa-El reminded me that the Roman Empire's sacking of Jerusalem in 70 C.E. was preceded and facilitated by brutal Jewish factional infighting. Israelis are now waking up to the fact that they run the risk of a new kind of sacking, this time at the hands of a moral calumny and economic boycott campaign from abroad.

Thus the second division, between Israel and the world. In Britain on Sunday, the Green Party voted to declare Zionism a type of racism (a throwback to a U.N. resolution from the 1970s, denounced at the time by Daniel Patrick Moynihan as “this infamous act”) and endorse “a single democratic Palestinian state in all of historic Palestine” with “equal rights for all.”

There will be more where that came from. And while some of it builds on legitimate objections to Israeli policy, it also builds on a mixture of willful idiocy and cunning defamation that aims not to change Israel's policies but to destroy the state itself. As the Israeli commentator Amit Segal noted of the Green Party's resolution, "Few sentences have contained as much hypocrisy and ignorance: hypocrisy in branding Jewish nationalism racist and Palestinian nationalism just, and ignorance in believing that any such Palestinian state would be a democracy, let alone guarantee equal rights."

This is where the perfervid criticism of Israel goes off the rails: It somehow imagines, or pretends, that blame for the crises in the Holy Land falls on one side alone and that Israel's security challenges are either a product of its imagination or payback for its own policies.

OFIR BERMAN FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES

Israel came into existence with its enemies avowing its extermination, and nearly eight decades later those intentions remain unchanged. The experience of Israelis in this century is that every time they have vacated territory, whether in southern Lebanon in 2000 or Gaza in 2005, they have gained neither international grace nor physical security.

Instead, their retreats created staging grounds for the kind of horror that so many Israelis experienced firsthand on and after Oct. 7 — horrors that many of the world's so-called humanitarians and justice-seekers chose to celebrate,

downplay or flat-out deny. Constant critics of Israel, in foreign ministries, the media and on college campuses, might try to remember that Israelis aren't simply hallucinating their own peril.

They might try to remember, too, that, in their tiresome demonization of Israel, they are strengthening the very forces in Israel they claim to most abhor. There's a reason Netanyahu, in his speech last month to the United Nations, aimed his rhetorical fire at Zohran Mamdani, the New York mayor: The prime minister was playing to a political base that believes, not entirely without reason, that the whole world is against Israel and that the state must therefore respond with the most uncompromising policies possible. In a country where, as the political philosopher Micah Goodman told me, "the only swing state is the center-right," it's a political tactic that could yet keep Netanyahu in office.

All of which is why, with Wednesday's third anniversary of the Oct. 7 massacre, stories like Avinatan Or's and the Fly Dubai passengers' are so instructive. For Israelis to surmount the formidable challenges they face, in pursuit of both victory and peace, the spirit of service — of giving yourself, doing it yourself, taking possession of your destiny against daunting odds — must win out over the spirit of entitlement. And for Israel's genuine well-wishers, including the good-faith critics, to push that spirit forward, they need to draw a firm moral line against those who simply want Israel gone.

At the ballot box this month, there's one more cockpit the people of Israel need to rush.

Yellow ribbon symbols affixed to a tree in Hostages Square in Tel Aviv.

纽约时报

国际版

A.G. SULZBERGER 出版人

JOSEPH KAHN 执行主编

MARC LACEY 管理主编

CAROLYN RYAN 管理主编

SUZANNE DALEY 副主编

KATHLEEN KINGSBURY 评论版编辑

MEREDITH KOPIT LEVIEN 首席执行官

MICHAEL GREENSPON 高级副总裁兼总经理

HELEN KONSTANTOPOULOS 副总裁，国际发行

HELENA PHUA 执行副总裁，亚太地区

SUZANNE YVERNÉS 国际首席财务官

📄 Original Section

My Gen Z students are fascinated by the King James Bible

Pasquale S. Toscano

It is a master class in cooperative intellectual struggle.

At the liberal arts college where I teach Renaissance literature, few of my students seem to practice any organized religion. For some, even the names Adam and Eve prompt only vague recognition. So when I assigned bits of the King James Bible last spring, I was surprised by the fascination it inspired.

My students marveled at how its language was used by 17th-century writers, appearing in daring poetry and polemics against retrograde social norms. They were perhaps even more impressed by the history behind the text: how some 50 mostly forgotten academics created a book that bridged chasms of geography, gender, race and class as the default English Bible for Protestants for hundreds of years.

We were ahead of the curve. These past few months, more Americans have been discussing the King James Bible — just not for the right reasons. In June, Texas moved forward with a plan to make passages from the King James required reading for public school students. Despite some notable defenses, the plan has caught major flak for its dubious constitutionality and mandated curriculum. I won't try to redeem it here.

But I do thank Texas for putting the King James back onto our cultural radar. The text is a master class in collaboration, close attention to language and ideological humility. It's

exactly the book we need now, in our lonely, laconic times.

As with all great things, the King James Bible began at a conference. (At least this one was at a palace.) The 1604 meeting came soon after James VI of Scotland assumed England's throne. Born to a Catholic mother but raised by hard-line Protestants, James hoped to be something of a religious unifier. He met with representatives of two feuding factions within the Church of England: high churchmen and Puritans. Most of the Puritans' ideas for religious reform were shot down — except for one. James agreed to authorize a new translation of the Bible.

Unlike most “great books” in English, the King James Bible was undertaken not by an individual author but by six companies, or committees, of idiosyncratic men. One of these men, John Overall, was so fluent in Latin that speaking English left him sapped. Another, the virulently learned Lancelot Andrewes, gave sermons in English that drew huge crowds. Descriptions like this one in Genesis, “The earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep,” sparkle with his signature sheen of parallelism and theatrical cadence.

Other translators achieved eloquent majesty of their own. One of my favorite passages is the paean to human perseverance in Psalm 30: "For his anger endureth but a moment; in his favour is life: Weeping may endure for a night, but joy cometh in the morning."

By some measures, the translators made for a homogeneous group — white, male, Christian, scholars, and nearly all clerics to boot. But the companies included other kinds of diversity. The former dean of Westminster was in the room alongside country parsons. Puritans and high churchmen teamed up. The group even reached beyond Protestantism for help, at a time when Catholics were very much on the outs.

DAVE BOWERS

Theoretically, each translator was to work through all of his company's assigned books. This meant scrutinizing the original Hebrew or Greek text, early commentaries and other translations to hybridize their various strengths. Eventually, committee members reconvened to settle on a version everyone could live with, picking over the verbal banquet like a family at Thanksgiving dinner. They then passed their work on to other companies for feedback—and consulted outside experts as needed—before submitting a final draft.

The entire process required a certain openness to ambiguity. As the cleric and translator Miles Smith notes in the 1611 preface to the King James, many Hebrew and Greek words have multiple English counterparts. Some of these alternatives are included in the margins. Others were debated by the translators. One translator recorded substitutes for the verb “understood” (“ephronoun”) in Paul’s famous phrase “I understood as a child”: “I cared as a child,” “I had a child’s mind,” “I imagined as a child,” “I was affected as a child.” These possibilities were considered by the supercommittee that reviewed the finished King James by reading it aloud. Whenever a concern arose, recitation paused until the disagreement could be sorted out.

All of this took nearly a decade. The result, however, was an impressively accurate translation that, almost incidentally, is also extremely beautiful. As Smith wrote in the preface, the King James Bible “openeth the window, to let in the light.” The text illuminates more than the 17th-century mind: Elizabeth Cady Stanton riffed on the King James in the Woman’s Bible published in the 1890s; Lincoln echoed its rhythms in the Gettysburg Address; and Martin Luther King Jr. reorchestrated them in his “I Have a Dream” speech.

Although it's no longer the default Protestant Bible, and although our age is a more secular, perhaps even post-literate era, I'm heartened by how the King James still resonates with readers. For starters, the story of how dozens of individuals painstakingly crafted the

Bible by working together is a powerful counterpoint to the artificial intelligence tools making it easier to farm out the work of thinking, writing and socializing than ever before.

Several weeks ago, an M.I.T. committee on A.I. reported that the school has experienced “decreased attendance at office hours, reduced participation in online discussions and, as we heard anecdotally, a drop in in-person study groups in dorms, libraries and other study spaces.” Academic conferences rumble with murmurs about students whose reluctance to peer-edit papers is matched only by their willingness to submit ones confabulated by Claude. And some of my own students have mentioned the challenge of staying motivated in seminar when friends at other institutions — and certain peers — are whizzing through work alone.

To vindicate cooperative intellectual struggle in the abstract is difficult. Thankfully, the King James Bible provides some concrete help. It brings the byways and benefits of such effort into vivid relief. Indeed, the book's most enduring lesson is that intellectual endeavor needn't be a solo, much less screen-siloed, affair: Quite the opposite. It gains meaning and nuance from time spent with other humans, around the same table, steering differences — in identity and opinion — through the straits of an equally human text.

PASQUALE S. TOSCANO is an assistant professor of English at Vassar College.

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AI 可以增强全球各个角落的民主

贝丝·西蒙娜·诺韦克 (Beth Simone Noveck)

在新泽西州，大约每六个孩子中就有一个生活在难以负担足够食物的家庭中。自 2024 年起，联邦政府为每个符合条件的儿童提供 120 美元的夏季食品补贴。儿童可以通过多项社会安全网计划获得资格——但由于每项福利由不同的机构管理，很容易遗漏某些人。因此，我在 2018 年成立后开始领导的新泽西州创新办公室构建了一个人工智能工具，用于匹配不同系统中的记录，并寻找尚未覆盖的符合条件的儿童。第一年，福利范围扩大到了 106,000 名更多儿童，次年为 96,000 名。没有一个家庭需要填写表格，州政府使用了其已有的信息。

当政府反复未能倾听民众、解决他们的问题并执行基本任务时，它会削弱人们对民主本身的信心。我相信我们可以利用 AI 来修复破损的机构——以及人们对其崩塌的信任——以便它们能更好地应对当今的挑战。毫无疑问，必须解决潜在的滥用和鲁莽部署问题，以防止未来的灾难。但我们不应让为自动——

不必成为一种破坏力量，尤其是在涉及政府服务时。

——化系统设置护栏的需求，阻碍我们利用来加强那些保持我们民主强韧且有响应能力的公民机构。

提升政府服务能力的证据不仅限于新泽西州。在 2025 年洛杉矶山火之后，加利福尼亚州询问幸存者恢复工作应如何开展，并使用解析了 1,500 多份回复，以确定最紧迫的关切和优先级。这促使该州制定了埋设电力线路和加强应急通信的新计划，加州州长加文·纽森 (Gavin Newsom) 刚刚签署了一项法律，使这一尝试成为永久机制。去年，英国政府估计，其工具 Consult 使其能够在约两小时内对 50,000 多条公众评论进行分类——而这在其他情况下需要数周时间。

令人瞩目的是，这些例子在很大程度上减少了人们在利用政府服务时遇到的摩擦。现在我们必须更进一步，让成为每位公职人员的后盾。这一转型可以通过三项关键投资来实现。

政府应培训其全体员工如何使用来倾听、学习并更好地为国民服务。去年，宾夕法尼亚州培训了 175 名州雇员在工作中使用 ChatGPT；该州发现，这使每人在起草、研究和总结冗长文档方面平均每天节省 95 分钟。

培训也有助于规避风险。澳大利亚维多利亚州的一名儿童保护工作人员显然没有接受过培训，他使用 ChatGPT 为儿童法院起草了一份关于虐待案件的报告，结果未能发现聊天机器人误读了严重的危险信号。如果政府自己的工作人员都不理解这些技术，政府又如何能智能地监管这些技术？

公职人员应能安全地同时访问多个模型。这可以减少对单一公司技术和合同条款的依赖，并让工作人员比较哪些工具最适合哪些任务。

政府还可以利用其巨大的采购能力，向人工智能公司提出更高要求，并与它们共同构建更多人工智能。作为提供政府资金的回报，韩国正与多家科技和电信公司签署合同，旨在为其全部 5100 万名公民提供人工智能访问权限。这些公司将保持服务基础版本（包括访问三个聊天机器人的权限）免费且无限制，且该服务主要在韩国自主构建的模型上运行。在西班牙，公共资金已被用于开发和部署一系列开源人工智能模型。美国的各州和城市应当共同购买人工智能模型的访问权限，并一起构建开源模型，从而为政府、社区和大学提供透明、负责且高质量的人工智能。

即使政府租赁商业人工智能模型，他们也可以拥有公职人员利用这些模型构建的产品。在南澳大利亚的阿德莱德植物园高中，一名名为丽贝卡·韦伯（Rebecca Weber）的教师利用学校系统的语言模型构建了一个工具，该工具在 52 秒内即可评估学生的英语水平，而传统方式则需要约 30 分钟。该工具目前正面向全州经过培训的教师推广。南澳大利亚运营着一项 2000万美元基金，用于支持此类务实的公共部门实验。

美国的各州和城市也开始分享成功的产品。我在东北大学（Northeastern University）领导“人工智能影响力”奖学金项目，我的学生们会花六个月时间与政府机构共同构建人工智能工具。其中一些学生与马萨诸塞州联邦资金与基础设施办公室合作，创建了一个免费工具，该工具能将晦涩的联邦资金通知进行翻译，并引导工作人员撰写申请书，从而帮助那些没有拨款撰写人员的小镇竞争资金，用于更换铅管或修复道路。我们的项目目前正在帮助加利福尼亚州、科罗拉多州和罗德岛州开发该工具的自有版本。

我们如此忙于争论人工智能是否会毁灭人类，以至于没有询问我们如何利用它来提供服务、运行选举、制定法律以及更好地倾听选民的声音。证据就在我们身边。我们现在需要的是一种承诺，即以真正对人们和民主至关重要的方式来使用这些工具。

贝丝·西蒙娜·诺韦克（BETH SIMONE NOVECK）是《重启：人工智能与拯救民主之赛》（Reboot: AI and the Race to Save Democracy）一书的作者。她是东北大学的教授，并在该校领导伯恩斯社会变革中心（Burnes Center for Social Change）。

插图：KRISTIE BAILEY / 纽约时报

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更正

菲利普·德尔夫斯·布劳顿（Philip Delves Broughton）上周四发表的一篇关于汽油高价的文章中，误写了 2008 年金融危机后石油价格的计量单位。其计量单位应为每桶多少美元，而非每加仑多少美元。

📄 Original Section

A.I. can boost democracy in all corners of the globe

Beth Simone Noveck

Roughly one in six children in New Jersey live in households that struggle to afford enough food. Since 2024, the federal government has given families \$120 per eligible child for summer groceries. Children can qualify through several safety net programs — but because each benefit is run by a different agency, it is easy to miss someone. So New Jersey's Office of Innovation, which I began leading after its founding in 2018, built an artificial intelligence tool to match records across systems and find eligible children who hadn't yet been reached. Benefits were extended to 106,000 more children in the first year, and 96,000 the following year. No family filled out a form. The state used information it already had.

When the government repeatedly fails to listen to people, solve their problems and carry out basic tasks, it weakens confidence in democracy itself. I believe we can use A.I. to repair broken institutions — and people's cratered trust in them — so they can better address today's challenges. There is no question that the potential misuse and reckless deployment of A.I. must be addressed to prevent future catastrophe. But we should not let the need to put guardrails around autono-

A.I. doesn't have to be a disruptive force, least of all when it comes to government services.

mous systems stop us from using A.I. to strengthen the civic institutions that keep our democracy strong and responsive.

The evidence for A.I.'s ability to improve government services goes beyond New Jersey. After the 2025 Los

Angeles wildfires, California asked survivors what recovery should look like, and used A.I. to parse through more than 1,500 responses to determine the most pressing concerns and priorities. That has led to new plans by the state to bury power lines and strengthen emergency communications, and Gov. Gavin Newsom just signed a law making the A.I. effort permanent. Last year, the British government estimated that its A.I. tool Consult enabled it to sort more than 50,000 public comments in about two hours — something that would otherwise have taken weeks.

It is striking how much those examples reduce the friction people experience with government services. Now we must go a step further and put A.I. behind every public servant. That transformation can be achieved with three key investments.

Governments should train their entire work force in how to use A.I. to listen, learn and deliver better to the nation's constituents. Last year, Pennsylvania trained 175 state employees to use ChatGPT in their work; the state found it saved each one an average of 95 minutes a day on drafting, researching and summarizing dense documents.

Training also helps to avoid risks. A child protection worker in Victoria,

Australia, who apparently had no training in A.I. used ChatGPT to draft a report on a case of abuse for the Children's Court, and failed to spot that the chatbot had misread severe danger signs. How can governments regulate these technologies intelligently if their own staff members don't understand them?

Public workers should get secure access to multiple models at once. That reduces dependence on a single company's technology and contract terms and lets workers compare which tools work best for which tasks.

Governments can also use their enormous purchasing power to demand more from A.I. companies and to build more A.I. with them. In return for providing government funding, South Korea is securing contracts with multiple tech and telecom companies to give A.I. access to all of its 51 million citizens. The companies will keep the basic version of the service (which includes access to three chatbots) free and unlimited, and run it mostly on Korean-built models. In Spain, public money has been used to develop and deploy a family of open-source A.I. models. States and cities in the United States should buy access to A.I. models jointly and build open models together, giving governments, communities and universities transparent, accountable and high quality A.I.

Even when governments rent commercial A.I. models, they can own the products public servants build using them. At Adelaide Botanic High School in South Australia, a teacher, Rebecca Weber, used the school system's language model to build a tool that assesses students' English proficiency in 52 seconds, compared with about 30 minutes, which the traditional way took. The tool is now being rolled out statewide for trained teachers. South Australia operates a \$20 million fund that supports such pragmatic public sector experiments.

American states and cities are also beginning to share successful products. My students at Northeastern University, where I lead the A.I. for Impact fellowship, spend six months building A.I. tools with government agencies. Some have worked with the Massachusetts Federal Funds and Infrastructure Office to create a free tool that translates dense federal funding notices and walks staff through writing an application, helping towns without grant writers compete for money to fund lead-pipe replacement or road repair. Our program is now helping California, Colorado and Rhode Island develop their own versions of the tool.

We're so busy debating whether A.I. will destroy humanity that we don't ask how we might use it to deliver services, run elections, make laws and better listen to constituents. The evidence is all around us. What we need now is the commitment to use these tools in ways that really matter to people and to democracy.

BETH SIMONE NOVECK is the author of "Reboot: AI and the Race to Save Democracy." She is a professor at North-eastern University where she directs the Burnes Center for Social Change.

ILLUSTRATION BY KRISTIE BAILEY/THE NEW YORK TIMES

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精神病学需要重启

迈亚·萨拉维茨 (Maia Szalavitz)

特约撰稿人

汉娜·奥特曼 (HANNAH ALTMAN)

许多经历过严重精神疾病的人会随着时间的推移积累各种诊断结果，就像在护照上收集邮票一样。我至少有过六个。蹒跚学步时，我被诊断为注意缺陷多动障碍（A.D.H.D.），因为尽管我3岁就能阅读，但我会被噪音、灯光和幼儿园的环境搞得不知所措。在20多岁时，我的诊断结果是可卡因和海洛因使用障碍，这让我进入了康复中心。在那里，在一次五分钟的精神科医生就诊中，我被贴上了双相情感障碍的标签。后来，我又获得了抑郁症和强迫症的标签。

在阅读了《纽约时报》一篇关于自闭症的2004年文章后，我意识到这个诊断似乎比其他任何诊断都更合适。感官过载？符合。强烈的智力痴迷、社交困难、对一致性的渴望、自我安抚行为？全部符合。我的其他诊断在很大程度上似乎是为了应对我神经系统这些方面的尝试而产生的结果。

在经历漫长且奇怪的诊断旅程方面，我绝非孤例。超过一半符合一项诊断标准的人在生命周期中也会符合另一项诊断标准。一个人发病越早，就越有可能经历多种病症。此外，研究表明，与大脑疾病相关的遗传风险并不局限于特定类型：如果你的生物学父母患有，比如抑郁症，你不仅患抑郁症的风险会增加，而且可能更有可能被诊断为焦虑症、自闭症或精神分裂症。而且有时，诊断本身就是错误的。

精神健康护理中这种重叠诊断的高流行率——被称为共病（comorbidity）——表明，精神科医生使用《精神疾病诊断与统计手册》（D.S.M.）所赋予的标签并不像大多数医学领域的标签那样。也就是说：精神健康诊断通常不能定义截然不同、具体的病理状态。美国国家精神卫生研究所前主任托马斯·因塞尔（Thomas Insel）将精神病学诊断比作将某人诊断为“胸痛障碍”，而不管这种疼痛是由心脏病发作还是胃灼热引起的。我们需要一个比这更好的系统。

随着精神病学领域的领导者们着手修订旨在未来几年内出版的 D.S.M.，改进诊断正成为核心议题。

解决这个问题的一种方法是关注疾病之间的共性，而非差异。一些研究人员甚至声称，存在一个潜在的、共同的因素（或者更有可能是多个因素）导致了大多数精神疾病。杜克大学心理学教授阿夫沙隆·卡斯皮（Avshalom Caspi）将其称为“p因子”，代表精神病理学（psycho-pathology）。

超过一半符合一项诊断标准的人在生命周期中也会符合另一项诊断标准。

那么“p”是什么？一个候选因素是童年创伤，它会显著提高几乎所有精神疾病的风险，范围从焦虑和抑郁到精神分裂症和人格障碍。

另一个可能的“p”存在于影响大脑发育的基因中。例如，2023年发表在《自然医学》（Nature Medicine）杂志上的一项研究发现，携带与大脑额叶区域（负责调节情绪反应和行为）连接过多相关基因的人，患多种精神障碍的风险也更高。这一点尤其令人震惊，因为在青春期和成年早期（75%的精神疾病开始显现的时期），大脑会经历一个修剪冗余或极少使用连接的过程。

在某些情况下，“p”可能与其说是精神疾病的共同原因，不如说是某种疾病的症状如何导致额外的心理困扰。事实上，我的各项诊断往往相互强化。我的过度敏感和交友困难导致我被欺凌，而这又加剧了抑郁。抑郁、孤独以及被经历所淹没的感觉导致我对药物产生依赖。或许这一切都是对拥有一个“超连接”大脑的反应，一些证据将这种大脑状态与自闭症的能力（如系统性思维）以及自闭症的缺陷（如极端的社交困难）同时联系在一起。

在一些研究人员争论如何重写《精神疾病诊断与统计手册》（D.S.M.）的同时，另一些人正在开发能够更好考虑症状重叠的替代方案。其中一种被称为“精神病理学分级分类法”（Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology），简称 HiTOP，它根据共同的症状群和共同的潜在特征（称为“谱系”）对疾病进行分类。例如，“内化”谱系涵盖了与情感困扰、焦虑、抑郁和情绪困难相关的症状；而“外化”谱系则与冲动性和冒险行为相关。

HiTOP 还承认，精神疾病并非一个“开或关”的开关，而是症状存在于一个连续体之上：一个人可能有点强迫倾向，但尚未达到致残的程度；或者她可能有严重的强迫观念和强迫行为，且可能处于厌食症或自闭症的背景之下。在 HiTOP 体系下，这不需要多个诊断。这使得该系统更加灵活，因为它假设人们及其症状会随时间而变化，且潜在问题在人们成熟的过程中会采取不同的形式。

像 HiTOP 这样的努力在短期内不会取代 D.S.M. —— 但理想情况下，它们将提高人们对症状原因及其相互作用方式的理解。

在精神医学中，诊断不仅仅是帮助临床医生治疗患者的标签，也是人们理解自己的方式。尽管精神分裂症和抑郁症可能不像新冠肺炎（Covid-19）那样定义明确，但意识到自己的问题倾向于呈现某种特定形态，并且可以通过相关治疗来管理，对于康复至关重要。

对我而言，得知自己处于自闭症谱系带来了巨大的解脱，我希望这件事能发生得更早一些。终于，我的古怪变得合理了。对于许多人来说，被诊断可以让他们停止为自己的性格而自责，在接纳那些无害或积极特质的同时，去处理那些功能失调的特质。在最近的一篇论文中，精神科医生阿瓦伊斯·阿夫塔布（Awais Aftab）和宗教学者艾伦·莱维诺维茨（Alan Levinovitz）将这种体验称为“龙佩尔斯蒂尔钦效应”（Rumpel-stiltskin effect），源自那个通过叫出坏人名字就能夺走其力量的童话故事。

然而，另一些人则将标签视为排除康复或高质量生活的“终身监禁”。无论是 D.S.M.、HiTOP 还是任何其他方法，改进诊断都需要正视人们应对自身性格和经历的复杂方式 —— 包括这样一个事实：同一个精神医学标签及其配套治疗，根据我们将其应用于自身或他人时的明智程度，可能成为毒药、万灵药或安慰剂。

MAIA SZALAVITZ 报道成瘾、心理健康和公共政策。

博索纳罗远非巴西唯一的问题

麦肯纳，见第1页

ADRIANO MACHADO / 路透社

麦肯纳，见第1页

这个地区最近剧烈地向右翼倾斜。自从巴西向民主制度转型以来，该国最边缘化的群体，包括农民、原住民和非裔巴西人社区，在经济和社会方面取得了难以想象的进步。从2003年到2014年，卢拉及其亲手选定的继任者迪尔玛·罗塞夫在减少贫困、文盲和饥饿以及提高大学入学率方面取得了巨大进展。卢拉曾是一名仅受过小学教育的车床工，他在2011年离任时拥有巴西总统历史上最高的支持率。当时的公民意识被激活到了如此程度，以至于在2010年代中期，巴西走上街头的抗议者人数比世界其他地区的总和还要多。

近期，该国最高法院审理并判定雅伊尔·博索纳罗在2022年大选输给卢拉后策划留任权力，这使得许多观察家赞扬巴西的民主比美国更健康，因为特朗普总统尚未因其在2021年1月6日袭击美国国会大厦事件中的角色而被定罪。自从卢拉在2023年重掌政权以来，尽管面临特朗普的关税政策，贫困率和失业率已降至历史低点，且今年的出口额增长了10%以上。

但深入观察巴西的公民领域，会发现一个不那么辉煌的故事。以最高法院为例：一场巨大的腐败丑闻使其陷入危机，巴西人现在对它的不信任程度超过了任何其他机构。法官们对博索纳罗的严厉对待从未能真正代表法治；法院是抵御威权主义的重要堡垒，但它们无法孤军奋战。

那些看似公民参与标志的示威活动并不代表整个国家，更不能代表构成卢拉基本盘的那些较贫穷、受教育程度较低的选民。2013年的抗议活动始于公交车票涨价，随后演变成一场针对包括罗塞夫政府在内的整个政治阶层的反抗，其吸引的人群受教育程度远高于全国平均水平。在2015年和2016年要求弹劾她的游行中，参与者也比全国整体情况更白、更富有。

巴西右翼通过一系列影响力日益增强的保守派智库和在线基层网络扩大了其触角。这些运动缺乏正式的领导层或连贯的意识形态纲领，而是围绕着特朗普以及两名博索纳罗等人物运行，并表现出近乎狂热的忠诚。他们全年进行竞选，说出并做出候选人不能做的事，并招募那些此前从未关心过政治的活动人士。他们最显眼的人物是牧师、福音歌手和拥有数百万观众的YouTuber，其中一些人在周日以创纪录的得票数当选。

在巴西以及其他地方，曾经将贫困和工人阶级选民与左翼联系在一起的自治协会已经萎缩。

在巴西以及其他地方，曾经将贫困和工人阶级选民与左翼联系在一起的自治协会已经萎缩。工会成员人数从2012年到2025年几乎减少了一半，卢拉在低收入选民中的支持率大幅下降。这在一定程度上是因为卢拉所属的政党（即劳工党 PT）在过去几十年中，放弃了详尽的基层组织工作，转而追求在赢得选举和治理方面专业化，而非照顾其基本盘。在缺乏这种组织良好的基本盘的情况下，劳工党仍然依赖于年迈的卢拉——一位具有代际政治天赋但目前尚未出现真正继任者的人物。

有一个机构填补了这一真空，并且现在触及了卢拉先生许多曾经的支持者：福音派教会。福音派信徒在人口中的比例从1991年的9%增长到2022年的27%，增加了超过3000 万人。在巴西许多最贫困的社区，五旬节教会比任何政党或社会运动都更具吸引力。四分之三的信徒每周至少参加一次礼拜（culto）。这些教会网络现在成了右翼稳固的基地，信徒们遵循牧师的政治暗示，基于道德而非物质利益进行投票。

在巴西这样一个极其脆弱的政党体系中，很少有选民属于或认同任何政党，收入和宗教并不带有固定的政治倾向，因此，谁负责组织，谁就决定了该选民群体的政治走向。圣保罗外围的一名贫穷的五旬节教会女性并非天生的博索纳罗选民；事实上，福音派信徒曾有十多年时间与劳工党（PT）结盟。但如果有一位牧师每周都在那里帮助她将信仰转化为政治，她就会变成一名博索纳罗选民。作为回报，那些从国家那里几乎得不到什么，从声称代表他们的政党那里得到更少的信徒们，获得的是秩序、节制以及一个永远记得你生日的社区，正如一名当地居民告诉我的那样。现在，自2014年以来，首次出现认同右翼倾向的巴西人多于任何其他意识形态的情况——这一转变与右翼在刚刚过去的周末取得的惊人成功相吻合。

卢拉先生在10月25日的决选中获胜虽然并非不可能，但看起来越来越不大可能。他最可能的获胜路径是动员首轮选举中留在家中的3300 万名登记选民——但在三周内触达这些人，需要那种他的政党在几十年前就停止建设的社区级组织能力。任何担心出现一个更加反动、由博索纳罗领导的总统任期的人，都应该对此感到不安。

普通巴西人参与公共生活的长期模式应该让那些小写d的民主主义者（small-d democrats）更加担忧。在过去的一代人中，那些旨在听命于牧师、煽动网络愤怒或围绕一个排他性领袖进行动员的组织在增长，而那些本应向成员负责的公民组织——工会和大政党——则变得空洞。直到更多的人加入他们能够参与治理的组织，巴西的公民土壤将继续成为任何意识形态色彩的威权政治家的温床，无论这次选举谁获胜。

伊丽莎白·麦肯纳（ELIZABETH MCKENNA）是哈佛大学肯尼迪学院的助理教授，著有《参与的悖论：民主巴西中的威权组织》（The Paradox of Participation: Organizing Authoritarianism in Democratic Brazil）。

📄 Original Section

Psychiatry needs a reset

Maia Szalavitz

Contributing Writer

HANNAH ALTMAN

Many people who have experienced significant mental illness collect diagnoses over time, like stamps on a passport. I have had at least six. As a toddler, I was diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; or A.D.H.D., because even though I was reading at 3, I was overwhelmed by noises, lights and preschool. In my 20s, the diagnosis was cocaine and heroin use disorder, which landed me in rehab. There, in a five-minute psychiatrist visit, I was labeled bipolar. Later, I picked up labels of depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

After reading a 2004 article in The Times about autism, I realized that this diagnosis seemed to fit better than any of the others. Sensory overload? Check. Intense intellectual obsessions, social difficulties, desire for sameness, self-soothing behaviors? Check, check, check, check. My other diagnoses seemed to result, in large part, from attempts to cope with these aspects of my neurology.

I am far from alone in having a long, strange diagnostic journey. More than half of people who qualify for one diagnosis also qualify for another during their lifetime. The earlier in life someone develops a disorder, the more likely he or she is to experience multiple conditions. Moreover, research shows that genetic risks associated with brain disorders aren't confined to specific types: If your biological parents have, say, depression, you not only have an increased risk of developing depression, but you may also be more likely to receive a diagnosis of an anxiety disorder, autism or schizophrenia. And sometimes, a diagnosis is just wrong.

This high prevalence of overlapping diagnoses — known as comorbidity — in mental health care suggests that the labels psychiatrists assign using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders aren't like those in most of medicine. That is to say: Mental health diagnoses often do not define distinct, specific pathologies. The former director of the National Institute of Mental Health, Thomas Insel, analogized psychiatric diagnosis to diagnosing someone with “chest pain disorder,” whether that pain is caused by a heart attack or heartburn. We need a better system than that.

As leaders in psychiatry embark on a revision of the D.S.M. that they aim to publish in the next few years, improving diagnosis is taking center stage.

One way to address this problem is to focus on commonalities between

disorders, rather than distinctions. Some researchers have gone so far as to claim that there is an underlying, shared factor (or, more likely, factors) that causes a majority of mental illness. Avshalom Caspi, a professor of psychology at Duke University, has

called it the "p factor," for psycho-pathology.

More than half of people who qualify for one diagnosis also qualify for another during their lifetime.

So what is "p"? One candidate is childhood trauma, which strongly raises the risk for nearly all psychiatric conditions, ranging from anxiety and depression

to schizophrenia and personality disorders.

Another possible “p” is found in the genes that affect brain development. For example, a 2023 study in the journal Nature Medicine found that people who had genes associated with excess connections in the frontal regions of the brain — which regulate emotional responses and behavior — also had a higher risk for many types of mental disorders. This is especially striking because during adolescence and early adulthood (when 75 percent of mental illnesses start to show), the brain undergoes a process of pruning redundant or little-used connections.

In some cases, “p” may be less about a shared cause of mental illness and more about the way symptoms of one illness can lead to additional mental distress. Indeed, my diagnoses often reinforced one another. My oversensitivity and difficulty making friends led to me being bullied, which contributed to depression. Depression, isolation and a feeling of being overwhelmed by experiences led me to become addicted to drugs. Perhaps all of that was a response to having a hyperconnected brain, which some evidence links to both autistic abilities, like systematic thinking, and autistic disabilities, like extreme social struggles.

While some researchers are debating how to rewrite the D.S.M., others are developing alternatives to it that better take into account how symptoms overlap. One, known as the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology, or HiTOP, classifies disorders based on shared symptom clusters and common underlying features, known as spectra. For instance, the “internalizing” spectrum encompasses symptoms related to emotional distress, anxiety, depression and mood difficulties. The “externalizing” one is related to impulsivity and risk-taking behavior.

HiTOP also recognizes that a mental illness is not an on-off switch but that symptoms exist on a continuum: A person might be a bit compulsive, but not to a disabling degree, or she may have severe obsessions and compulsions, perhaps in the context of anorexia or autism. Under HiTOP, that wouldn't require multiple diagnoses. This makes the system more flexible, because it assumes that people and their symptoms will vary over time and that underlying issues can take different forms as people mature.

Efforts like HiTOP will not replace the D.S.M. any time soon — but, ideally, they will improve understanding of the causes of symptoms and how these symptoms interact.

In psychiatry, diagnoses aren't just labels to help clinicians treat patients; they are also ways that people come to understand themselves. Even though schizophrenia and depression may not be as clearly defined as Covid-19, knowing that your problems tend to take a particular shape and can be managed with relevant treatment can be crucial for healing.

For me, learning that I was on the autism spectrum was an enormous relief, and I wish it had happened earlier. Finally, my oddities made sense. For many people, being diagnosed allows them to stop blaming themselves for their temperaments and address traits that are dysfunctional, while embracing those that are harmless or positive. In a recent paper, the psychiatrist Awais Aftab and the religion scholar Alan Levinovitz termed this experience the “Rumpel-stiltskin effect,” after the fairy tale in which naming the bad guy takes away his power.

Others, however, see labels as life sentences that preclude recovery or high quality of life. Whether it's the D.S.M., HiTOP or any other approach, improving diagnosis will require reckoning with the complex ways people respond to their temperaments and experiences — including the fact that the same psychiatric label and accompanying treatment can be a poison, a panacea or a placebo, depending on how wisely we apply them to ourselves or others.

MAIA SZALAVITZ covers addiction, mental health and public policy.

酿酒人队挑战不利的体制

分析

酿酒人队经理帕特·墨菲（左）要求问责，前最有价值球员克里斯蒂安·耶利奇（右）则提供了连续性。密尔沃基队在本赛季拥有全联盟最佳战绩。

KAYLA WOLF / 美联社

THE ATHLETIC

作者：TYLER KEPNER

密尔沃基酿酒人队就像是棒球界的一块罗夏墨迹测试图。你从中看到了什么，取决于你在这项运动的生存核心问题——公平性——上持有什么立场。

大联盟中最强的球队在最小的市场中比赛。但如果这支球队从未赢得冠军，它真的能被称为最强吗？

本赛季，酿酒人队在常规赛中取得了 103 场胜利，领跑大联盟，再次证明他们能够掌控长线比赛。截至周一，他们在国家联盟分区的系列赛中以 2-0 领先圣迭戈教士队。这场五局三胜制的对决是他们过去九年里第八次进入季后赛。

酿酒人队是第一支连续四次赢得国联中区冠军的球队。在过去九年里，只有三支大联盟球队的胜场数超过他们。

“我认为我们为联盟提供了一个绝佳的范例，展示了如何在多年时间里保持高水平的竞争并取得这样的成绩，”酿酒人队救援投手亚伦·阿什比（Aaron Ashby）说道。

如果被赋予巨额资金，密尔沃基会像纽约大都会队那样，因为拥有挥霍的自由而陷入泥潭吗？还是资金会迫使他们投入更多以期赢得世界系列赛，而体制却允许其他球队投入更少？

联盟与球员工会之间的集体谈判之争笼罩在棒球的未来之上，现有的劳资协议将于 12 月到期。联盟为设立工资帽给出的理由是为所有市场恢复希望，而球员们对此强烈反对。

但如果你在寻找绝望的球迷，不要去密尔沃基。酿酒人队本赛季的观众人数为 288 万，在大联盟中排名第 11 位，轻松超过了这项运动中其他低预算的奇迹球队。

他们每场比赛的平均观众数比克利夫兰守护者队多约 10,000 人，比坦帕湾光芒队多近 20,000 人。

“你有一个非常安静且勤奋地在为球队做营销的商业团队，”酿酒人队老板马克·阿塔纳西奥（Mark Attanasio）表示。“这包括我们如何与球队合作、如何吸引人们进入体育场，以及他们在体育场内受到怎样的对待。这还包括出色的零售产品，让人们以穿着我们的装备为荣。”

今年的球队拥有国联最佳的防御率（3.51），以及联盟最佳投手雅各布·米西奥罗夫斯基（Jacob Misiorowski）。在得分方面，酿酒人队仅次于芝加哥小熊队，每场比赛 5.14 分，并拥有大联盟最佳的在垒率 .341。

酿酒人队的资深外野手克里斯蒂安·耶利奇（Christian Yelich）指出，当季后赛开始时，“任何事情都可能发生”。

“我看好我们的机会。我知道在未来的某一年我们一定会成功，那将是非常棒的。”

34 岁的耶利奇自 2018 年起就在酿酒人队效力，当年球队打入了国联冠军赛的第七场，但主场负于洛杉矶道奇队。他在那一季成为了国联最有价值球员，并在次年获得亚军。

“赢得比赛是一项技能，我认为就是知道如何完成它，”耶利奇在提到酿酒人队严谨的比赛风格时说道。“我们知道，只要我们打出自己的风格，对方必须真正付出艰苦努力才能击败我们。”

耶利奇和先发投手布兰登·伍德鲁夫（Brandon Woodruff）——后者因肩伤缺席了大部分赛季——是本赛季酿酒人队中唯一年薪超过 $9.500 万的球员。其他国联季后赛球队的情况则大不相同：道奇队有 14 人，费城费城人队有 11 人，亚特兰大勇士队有 10 人，教士队有 8 人，小熊队有 7 人。

耶利奇和伍德鲁夫（自 2017 年起效力于酿酒人队）为更衣室提供了连续性。密尔沃基的投球组是大联盟中最年轻的（平均年龄：27 岁），而耶利奇则是队内年龄最大的常规球员。

“从组织的角度来看，大部分事情一直都非常一致，”艾什比（Ashby）说道，“并没有发生太多那种……疯狂的变动。”

也许确实没有，但处于薪资规模顶端的球队挥金如土，迫使酿酒人队不得不重新调整。近年来，他们越来越多地转向内部挖掘，在三名野手进入大联盟之前就与他们签署了长期合同：外野手杰克逊·乔里奥（Jackson Chourio）、游击手库珀·普拉特（Cooper Pratt）和外野手路易斯·拉拉（Luis Lara）。

在现有制度下，酿酒人队对这三名球员每人原本就拥有六年的控制权，而这些交易合同总计涵盖 23 个赛季，总金额为 $163.7500 万。

对于阿塔纳西奥（Attanasio）来说，这是一种明智的资本分配方式，与其作为一家管理超过 500 亿美元 billion 全球资产的公司创始人的背景相一致。

现年 69 岁的阿塔纳西奥在纽约市布朗克斯区长大，是一名洋基队的球迷，而现在他住在加利福尼亚州马里布，处于道奇队的阴影之下。他在两者之间找到了自己的棒球使命，于 2005年花费 2.23亿美元从塞利格（Selig）家族手中买下了酿酒人队。三年后，该队首次进入季后赛，此前最近的一次是在 1982年，当时它赢得了唯一的冠军旗。

2008 年的酿酒人队薪资总额为 9000万美元，在分区系列赛中输给了支出 1.12亿美元的费城费城人队。本赛季，费城人队的薪资总额是酿酒人队的两倍多：费城为 3.22亿美元，密尔沃基为 1.54亿美元。教士队的薪资总额（2.65亿美元）也令密尔沃基相形见绌。

阿塔纳西奥的第一支季后赛球队在通过交易获得 C.C. 萨巴西亚（C C Sabathia）后得到了巨大的助力，而萨巴西亚不久后便在洋基队获得了自由球员的高薪。该队还受益于扎克·格林克（Zack Greinke），他是 2011 年进入国家联盟冠军赛球队的王牌。而今年夏天，酿酒人队错失了投手市场的顶级目标塔里克·斯库巴尔（Tarik Skubal）。

无论如何，酿酒人队的常规赛胜场数最终比道奇队多三场。在米西奥罗夫斯基（Misiorowski）和在对阵教士队的前两场比赛中先发的 rookie 洛根·亨德森（Logan Henderson）之后，他们的轮换阵容迅速变薄。但他们的多局数武器——艾什比、查德·帕特里克（Chad Patrick）、D.L. 霍尔（D. L. Hall）等人——让他们拥有竞争的机会。

“我们一直尝试在每种体系中竞争，在这样一个人们是极其忠实球迷的社区里，这种努力能产生共鸣，”阿塔纳西奥说。“现实是，作为所有者能做的事情有限。你设定基调，雇佣优秀的人才，并赋予他们权力。”

大市场球队一直在从酿酒人队挖掘人才，大卫·斯特恩斯（David Stearns）现在领导大都会队的管理层，而克雷格·康塞尔（Craig Counsell）现在执教竞争对手 Cubs。

但阿塔纳西奥的后备力量同样强大：球队棒球运营总裁马特·阿诺德（Matt Arnold）赢得了联盟最近两届年度执行官奖，而主教练帕特·墨菲（Pat Murphy）赢得了最近两届国家联盟年度最佳经理奖。

在斯特恩斯以及现在的阿诺德领导下，酿酒人队在人员配置和基础设施上投入了大量资源，帮助他们签约并培养自己的天才，同时将流浪球员转化为瑰宝。

在两次独立的 2023 年交易中，酿酒人队从明尼苏达双城队获得了终结者特雷弗·梅吉尔（Trevor Megill），并从洋基队获得了一垒手杰克·鲍尔斯（Jake Bauers）。

梅吉尔本赛季贡献了 30 次救援成功，而鲍尔斯在全队本垒打数（26 个）和上垒率加长打率（.874）方面领先。酿酒人队用来交换他们的那些新秀中，没有一个进入了大联盟。

酿酒人队清楚自己不能做什么，并且他们不会尝试去做。曾在圣母大学和亚利桑那州立大学担任过名师的墨菲，与他获得过金手套奖的右外野手萨尔·弗雷里克（Sal Frelick）开玩笑说，如果他在其他任何地方打球，他永远没机会离开替补席。

弗雷里克表示他无法反驳，并指出了酿酒人队球员与竞争对手之间的技能差距。

“这对我们来说很有趣，”弗雷里克说，并补充道，“能拥有一个被重视的角色是一种自豪感，而且并没有多少组织是这样的。”

曾在波士顿学院大放异彩的弗雷里克表示，墨菲关心球员，但并不娇惯他们。著名的心理技能教练哈维·多夫曼（Harvey Dorfman，于2011年去世）曾告诉墨菲，要关注行为而非感受——尤其是在棒球运动中，你注定会经常感到糟糕。

球员们接受墨菲在不满意表现时将其撤下的做法。“问责”在体育界是一个被过度使用的词汇，但在密尔沃基，这一点至关重要，因为墨菲可能会在一次击球过程中突然撤下一名投手。

8月，他曾对左投手罗伯特·加塞（Robert Gasser）这样做：在第四局领先的情况下，由于一次漏接球导致一名通过保送上垒的跑者得分，墨菲将其撤下。

“看着那个球弹回挡板，我的感觉也不好，”墨菲说，“但这与我们的感受无关。我们要如何应对？这是行为问题。”

对于酿酒人队来说，这意味着要依托于他们擅长且成本不高地技能。

值得庆幸的是，球队避免了在过去几个十月曾令他们深受困扰的赛季末伤病。

尽管棒球的运行机制如此复杂，尽管关于薪资、公平、市场和希望的推测层出不穷，但酿酒人队最大的秘密可能很简单。

“优秀的人，”墨菲说，“渴望成功的人。”

📄 Original Section

Bolsonaro is far from Brazil's only problem

MCKENNA, FROM PAGE 1

ADRIANO MACHADO/REUTERS

MCKENNA, FROM PAGE 1

region that has recently swung hard to the right. Since Brazil's transition to democracy, the country's most marginalized groups, including peasant, Indigenous and Afro-Brazilian communities, have experienced improbable economic and social gains. From 2003 to 2014, Mr. Lula and his handpicked successor, Dilma Rousseff, made huge strides in reducing poverty, illiteracy and hunger and increasing college enrollment. Mr. Lula, a former lathe operator with an elementary school education, left office in 2011 with the highest approval rating ever recorded for a Brazilian president. So activated was its citizenry that at one point during the mid-2010s, Brazil saw more protesters take to the streets than in the rest of the world combined.

More recently, the country's Supreme Court tried and convicted Jair Bolsonaro for plotting to stay in power after losing the 2022 election to Mr. Lula, leading many observers to celebrate Brazil's democracy as healthier than that of the United States, where President Trump has not been convicted for his role in the Jan. 6, 2021 attack on the U.S. Capitol. Since Mr. Lula returned to power in 2023, poverty and unemployment levels have reached record lows and exports are up over ten percent this year, despite Mr. Trump's tariffs.

A closer look at Brazil's civic terrain tells a less triumphant story. Take the Supreme Court: a huge corruption scandal has thrown it into crisis, and Brazilians now distrust it more than any other institution. The justices' stern treatment of Mr. Bolsonaro was never a good proxy for the rule of law; courts are an essential bulwark against authoritarianism, but they can't do it alone.

The demonstrations that seemed such a marker of civic engagement were not representative of the country as a whole, much less of the poorer, less-educated voters who formed Mr. Lula's base. The protests of 2013, which began over a bus-fare increase and grew into a revolt against the entire political class, including the government of Ms. Rousseff, drew crowds that were far better educated than the national average. Participants in the

marches of 2015 and 2016 to impeach her were also whiter and richer than the country as a whole.

The Brazilian right has expanded its reach through a constellation of increasingly influential conservative think tanks and online grass roots networks. These movements lack formal leadership or a coherent ideological program, instead orbiting and exhibiting cultlike loyalty to figures like Mr. Trump and both Bolsonaros. They campaign year-round, say and do what a candidate cannot and recruit activists who have never before cared about politics. Their most visible figures are pastors, gospel singers and YouTubers with audiences in the millions, some of whom won office on

Sunday with

record vote totals.

In Brazil as elsewhere, the self-governing associations that once tied poor and working-class voters to the left have withered.

In Brazil as elsewhere, the self-governing associations that once tied poor and working-class voters to the left have withered. Union membership has nearly halved from 2012 to 2025, and Mr.

Lula has lost significant ground among low-income voters. That is in part because of the decades-long move on the part of Mr. Lula's party, known as the PT, to abandon exhaustive local organizing and professionalize around winning elections and governing rather than tending to its base. Absent that well-organized base, the PT still depends on the aging Lula, a generational political talent with no true successor in sight.

There is one institution that stepped into that vacuum and now reaches many of Mr. Lula's former supporters: the evangelical church. Evangelicals went to 27 percent of the population in 2022 from 9 percent in 1991, a gain of over 30 million people. In many of Brazil's poorest neighborhoods, Pentecostal churches are far more engaging than any party or social movement. Three in four congregants attend a service, or culto, at least weekly. These church networks are now the right's durable base, with the faithful following their pastors' political cues to vote on moral rather than material interests.

In a party system as weak as Brazil's, where few voters belong to or identify with any party, income and religion carry no fixed political valence, so whoever does the organizing helps determine the constituency's politics. A poor Pentecostal woman in the São Paulo periphery is not a born Bolsonaro voter; indeed, evangelicals spent over a decade allied with the PT. But if a pastor is there every week to help her map her faith to politics, a Bolsonaro voter she will become. In return, the faithful — who get little from the state and even less from the parties that claim to speak for them — are given order, sobriety and a community that always remembers your birthday, as one local resident told me. Now, for the first time since 2014, more Brazilians identify as right-leaning than any other ideology — a shift that maps onto the right's extraordinary success this past weekend.

A win by Mr. Lula in the Oct. 25 runoff, while not impossible, is looking increasingly unlikely. His most plausible path to victory would be to turn out some of the 33 million registered voters who stayed home in the first round — but reaching them in three weeks is work for the kind of neighborhood-level organization that his party stopped building decades ago. This should concern anyone who is anxious about an even more reactionary Bolsonaro presidency.

The long-run patterns of how ordinary Brazilians participate in public life should worry small-d democrats even more. Over the past generation, the organizations that exist to answer to a pastor, fuel online outrage or mobilize around an exclusionary figurehead have grown, while the civic organizations that are supposed to answer to their members — unions and mass parties — emptied out. Until more people belong to organizations they help govern, Brazil's civic terrain will remain fertile ground for authoritarian politicians of any ideological stripe, no matter who wins this election.

ELIZABETH MCKENNA is an assistant professor at the Harvard Kennedy School and the author of "The Paradox of Participation: Organizing Authoritarianism in Democratic Brazil."

Mini 纵横字谜

作者：CHRISTINA IVERSON

编辑：JOEL FAGLIANO

10 / 7 / 2026

1 “\_\_\_\_ 不求，便不缺”

横向

6 触动心弦 / 深入了解

7 真正惊讶

8 被封爵的同僚

9 詹姆斯·迪恩穿着的“纯白色”衣物

纵向

1 与 1-横向同音的身体部位

2 萨迪·辛克（10岁时！）出道出演的百老汇音乐剧

3 鼓组的一部分

5 蜻蜓的五个部位之一

前一期谜题答案

S | T< / > O< / > P< / > < / > | P< / > I< / > X< / > A< / > R< / >< / > E< / > L< / > I< / > T< / > E< / >< / > L< / > E< / > D< / > T< / > V< / >< / > T< / > R< / > E< / > Y< / > < / > |

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📄 Original Section

Brewers defy a system stacked against them

Analysis

Brewers' Manager Pat Murphy, left, demands accountability, and the former M.V.P. Christian Yelich, right, provides continuity. Milwaukee had the league's best record this season.

KAYLA WOLF/ASSOCIATED PRESS

THE ATHLETIC

BY TYLER KEPNER

The Milwaukee Brewers are baseball's inkblot. What you see shows where you stand on the existential issue of the sport: fairness.

The best team in the major leagues plays in the smallest market. But if that team never wins a championship, can it really be the best?

With a Major League Baseball-leading 103 regular-season victories this season, the Brewers showed again that they can ace the long game. And as of Monday, they were up 2-0 over the San Diego Padres in the National League division series. The best-of-five matchup is their eighth postseason appearance in the last nine years.

The Brewers are the first team to win four consecutive N.L. Central titles. Only three major-league teams have more victories in the past nine years.

"I think we're a wonderful example for the league of what it looks like to compete and do that at a high level over a lot of years," said Brewers reliever Aaron Ashby.

If blessed with a ton of money, would Milwaukee end up like the New York Mets, sunk by the freedom to spend wastefully? Or would the money force them to spend more in hopes of winning the World Series, while the system allowed others to spend less?

The collective bargaining fight between the league and the players' union hangs over baseball's future, with the present labor agreement set to expire in December. Restoring hope to all markets is the league's stated rationale for a salary cap, which the players vehemently oppose.

But if you're looking for hopeless fans, don't visit Milwaukee. The Brewers ranked 11th in the majors in attendance at 2.88 million this season, easily outdrawing the game's other low-budget marvels.

They averaged about 10,000 more fans a game than the Cleveland Guardians and almost 20,000 more than the Tampa Bay Rays.

"You have a business group that's really quietly, diligently marketing the team," said the Brewers owner Mark Attanasio. "That includes how we work with the team, bring people into the stadium and how they're treated when they're in the stadium. It includes great retail so people are proud to wear our things."

This year's team had the N.L.'s best earned run average (3.51) and the league's best pitcher in Jacob Misiorowski. The Brewers trailed only the Chicago Cubs in runs, 5.14 a game, and had the majors' best on-base percentage, .341.

Christian Yelich, the Brewers long-time outfielder, noted that when the postseason starts, “anything can happen.”

"I like our chances. I know we're going to get it done one of these years, and it'll be awesome."

Yelich, 34, has been with the Brewers since 2018, when the team reached the seventh game of the N.L. championship series, losing at home to the Los Angeles Dodgers. He was N.L.'s most valuable player that season and the runner-up the next.

"Winning games is a skill, I think, just knowing how to get it done," Yelich said, citing the Brewers' exacting style of play. "We know if we play our game, the other team has to really earn it to beat us."

Yelich and starter Brandon Wood-ruff, who missed most of the season with a shoulder injury, are the only Brewers making more than \$9.5 million this season. The other N.L. playoff teams had a lot more: 14 for the

Dodgers, 11 for the Philadelphia Phillies, 10 for the Atlanta Braves, eight for the Padres and seven for the Cubs.

Yelich and Woodruff — a Brewer since 2017 — give continuity to the clubhouse. Milwaukee's pitching staff is the youngest in the majors (average age: 27) and Yelich is the team's oldest everyday player.

"For the most part, everything's been superconsistent from an organizational standpoint," Ashby said. "There's not a whole lot that's been, like, crazy change."

Maybe not, but runaway spending by teams at the top of the salary scale has forced the Brewers to recalibrate. They have increasingly looked inward in recent years, signing three position players to long-term contracts before they reached the majors: outfielder Jackson Chourio, shortstop Cooper Pratt and outfielder Luis Lara.

The Brewers already had six years of control over each of those three players under the current system, and the deals cover a combined 23 seasons for \$163.75 million overall.

To Attanasio, it was a wise way of allocating capital, consistent with his background as founder of a firm that handles more than \$50 billion in global assets.

Attanasio, 69, was raised in the Bronx area of New York City as a Yankees fan and lives in the shadow of the Dodgers in Malibu, Calif. He found his baseball calling in between, spending \$223 million to buy the Brewers from the Selig family in 2005. Three years later, the team reached the postseason for the first time since 1982, when it won its only pennant.

The 2008 Brewers, which carried a \$90 million payroll, lost in the division series to a Philadelphia Phillies team that had spent \$112 million. This season, the Phillies more than doubled the Brewers' payroll: \$322 million for Philadelphia, \$154 million for Milwaukee. The Padres' payroll (\$265 million) also dwarfs Milwaukee's.

Attanasio's first playoff team received a big boost when it traded for C C Sabathia, who soon after found free-agent riches with the Yankees. The team also benefited from Zack Greinke, the ace of its 2011 team that reached the N.L. Championship Series The Brewers lost out on this summer's pitching prize, Tarik Skubal.

The Brewers wound up with three more regular-season victories than the Dodgers anyway. Their rotation thins out quickly after Misiorowski and the rookie Logan Henderson, who started in the first two games of this series against the Padres. But their multi-inning weapons — Ashby, Chad Patrick, D. L. Hall and others — give them a fighting chance.

"We've always tried to compete in every system, and in a community like this, where people are really, really strong fans, that resonates," Attanasio said. "The reality is there's only so much you can do from ownership. You set a tone, you hire good people, and you give them authority."

Big markets have poached from the Brewers, with David Stearns now leading the Mets' front office and Craig Counsell now managing the rival Cubs.

But Attanasio's bench was just as strong: Matt Arnold, the team's president for baseball operations, won the league's last two Executive of the Year Awards, and Pat Murphy, the manager, won the last two N.L. Manager of the Year Awards.

Under Stearns, and now Arnold, the Brewers have poured resources into staffing and infrastructure, helping them sign and develop their own talent while turning journeymen into gems.

In two separate 2023 trades, the Brewers acquired closer Trevor Megill from the Minnesota Twins and first baseman Jake Bauers from the Yankees.

Megill had 30 saves this season, and Bauers led the team in home runs (26) and on-base plus slugging percentage (.874). None of the prospects the Brewers traded for them has reached the majors.

The Brewers understand what they cannot do, and they don't try to do it. Murphy, a decorated college coach at Notre Dame and Arizona State, joked with Sal Frelick, his Gold Glove Award-winning right fielder, that if he played anywhere else, he would never get off the bench.

Frelick said he couldn't disagree, noting skills gap between Brewer players and their rivals.

"It's funny to us," Frelick said, adding, "There's pride in having a role that is valued, and there's just not a lot of organizations like that."

Frelick, who starred at Boston College, said that Murphy cares for the players without coddling them. Harvey Dorfman, the renowned mental skills coach who died in 2011, once told Murphy to focus on behaviors, not feelings — especially in baseball, where you are destined to feel bad a lot.

Players accept that Murphy will pull them if he doesn't like what he sees. Accountability is an overused word in sports, but it matters in Milwaukee, where Murphy might yank a pitcher in the middle of an at-bat.

He did it in August to the left-hander Robert Gasser, pulling him with a lead in the fourth inning after a passed ball scored a runner who had walked.

"I didn't feel good watching that ball go back to the screen, either," Murphy said. "But it's not about our feelings. What are we going to do about it? It's behavior."

With the Brewers, that means leaning into things they do well, with skills that don't cost too much.

On a good note, the team avoided the late-season injuries that have haunted them in past Octobers.

And for all of the complexities of baseball's operating system, all of the conjecture about payrolls and fairness and markets and hope, the Brewers' big secret might be simple.

"Good people," Murphy said. "People that are hungry."

两星不触

在网格的每一行、每一列和每个区域中各放置两颗星。任意两颗星不得接触，包括对角线方向。

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脑力激荡

在 CONTRACTION 一词中的某个位置插入一对字母，以拼出一个常见的 13 字母单词。然后，在另一个不同的位置插入另一对不同的字母，以拼出另一个常见的 13 字母单词。

谜题作者：WILL SHORTZ 昨天的答案：有人想要废电池吗？我有一大堆要送人，免费（free of charge）。

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KenKen 数独

在网格中填入数字，使每一行或每一列中的数字不重复，并且每个粗线框内的数字通过加、减、乘或除（如框内所示）运算后，得出所示的目标数字。4x4 网格使用数字 1-4。6x6 网格使用数字 1-6。

纵横字谜 / 编辑：Will Shortz

横向

1 “无座”标志

4 多莉·帕顿（Dolly Parton）与多莉伍德（Dollywood）的关系

9 \_famous（卷轴很受欢迎？）

14 轻微的 LOL

15 请再说一遍

16 咖喱的配菜

17 对巡洋舰的呼叫（简称）

18 举止得体的男人？

19 某些音乐会的废弃物

20 坚定忠诚的

22 女高音独唱曲

23 无法修复的残骸

24 热门的约会之夜

28 活动策划平台

29 巨大的喧闹声

30 “我愿意”

31 在俄亥俄河畔拥有体育场的球队

32 “经历过，做过了”

36 做出夸张的惊讶反应……或者如何从较长的阴影答案中形成较短的阴影答案

40 稍微削减

41 蛋白质来源

43 “太气人了！”

46 不列颠哥伦比亚省（B.C.）的邻居

47 孩子的反驳

48 例如雨靴（Macs and wellies）

51 滑雪爱好者倾向于前往的地方

52 可能需要清理的地点

53 海王（Aquaman）的领地

55 被创造出来的

57 像某些恐龙的后代一样

58 在里约，janeiro 是其开头

59 误导

60 表达感谢（法语）

61 空调包装盒上的缩写

62 网站被重新激活为讽刺页面的已倒闭公司

谜题作者：BEN ZIMMER

63 艰辛的跋涉

64 奢华的

纵向

1 破碎

2 被轻微责备

3 对“你不可能知道那个！”的狡猾回答

4 放大器上的旋钮

5 变得焕然一新

6 丝绸色调

7 刻板印象中不合作的生物

8 静脉注射部位

9 收集组织

10 电子烟的说法

11 耐用的

12 护胫保护的部位

13 某些化学实验室步骤

21 使烦恼

25 在 YouTube 上视频最快达到 10 亿次观看的音乐艺术家

26 帮助度过难关（与“over”连用）

27 啄或秒差距（parsec）

32 有图案的织物

33 非裔古巴舞

34 云服务巨头

35 拥有同名日间谈话节目的 Hall

37 某些女王的礼服

38 密切监视（与“on”连用）

39 慢慢熟悉

42 扔

43 封面女郎偶像 Betty

44 也许是气喘吁吁地到达

45 极像的人

47 歌手 Morissette，其 1995 年冠军专辑为《Jagged Little Pill》

49 真正的波浪 / 极好的

50 通宵派对参加者

51 可能需要拧紧的

54 开始褪色

56 卡车司机的衡量标准

57 工资单数字

在 http: / nytimes.com / games 在线玩我们所有的游戏，以及 Wordle、Spelling Bee、纵横字谜等 10,000 多个往期谜题。关于谜题的讨论，请访问 http: / nytimes.com / wordplay。

TAMARA REYNOLDS 为《纽约时报》供稿

一生的心碎，坦诚相见

薇诺娜·贾德（Wynonna Judd）的新专辑《残酷的真相》（The Hard Truth）是她首次担任主创词曲作者。“我以前就想写歌，但要么被忽视——没被听到——要么就是害怕，”薇诺娜说道。

塔玛拉·雷诺兹（TAMARA REYNOLDS）为《纽约时报》供稿

薇诺娜·贾德在十年来的首张专辑中深挖个人故事

作者：布鲁克斯·巴恩斯（BROOKS BARNES）

“不再有秘密”这句话有着崭新开始的清脆感，是一种决定从此截然不同地生活的决绝。但通常情况下，这种决定进展得并不顺利。

不可避免地，总会出现一些时刻，让你觉得自己的力量不足以让自己完全坦诚。可能会有人评判你。可能会感到痛苦。或者你会重新陷入讨好他人的怪圈。

薇诺娜·贾德决定无论如何都要尝试一次。

上周，她发行了《残酷的真相》，这是她10年来的首张录音室专辑。现年62岁的她，在经历了四十年的乡村音乐超级巨星生涯后，首次担任主创词曲作者。这也是自她的母亲兼长期演唱搭档娜奥米·贾德（Naomi Judd）自杀身亡以来，她首次推出原创歌曲集。这张唱片简约而不简陋，凄切的小提琴和钢吉他逐渐过渡到温暖的20世纪70年代民谣流行风，这构成了一次令人震惊的职业生涯晚期转型，要求听众以一种全新的方式去聆听这个乡村音乐中最熟悉的声音之一。

“我以前就想写歌，但要么被忽视——没被听到——要么就是害怕，”薇诺娜说。“害怕变得如此脆弱。害怕违背我母亲的意愿，违背她想要讲述的那种闪亮且纯洁的叙事。她总是说，‘你永远不要违抗我。’她口中说出的很多话并不令人鼓舞，反而令人恐惧。”

“我只是不想带着秘密死去，”她继续说道。“绝。不。会。这样。有些人确实如此，那是他们的选择。”

那是八月中旬，薇诺娜在她的田纳西州家中，那是一栋带有山墙和老虎窗的宽敞白色乡村住宅，距离纳什维尔约40分钟车程。在厨房聊过天后，我们挤进一部小型电梯前往她二楼的办公室。（在一次像露西和艾塞尔那样的尴尬时刻，由于她不记得安全代码，我们短暂地被困在了电梯里。）办公室感觉更像是一个书房，有深色的木材和点燃的蜡烛。薇诺娜穿着黑色皮裤，红发和妆容精致华丽，斜靠在沙发上。

“我需要一个枕头，因为我要像在做心理治疗一样躺下来，”她说。

乡村音乐中一些最具影响力的转型往往源于意想不到的合作。在20世纪90年代初，艾米露·哈里斯（Emmylou Harris）日益被乡村电台忽视，于是她与U2的制作人丹尼尔·拉诺瓦（Daniel Lanois）合作，创作了空灵的《破坏球》（Wrecking Ball）。2004年，72岁的洛雷塔·林恩（Loretta Lynn）与白条纹乐队（White Stripes）的杰克·怀特（Jack White）合作，推出了粗犷且充满电感的《范利尔玫瑰》（Van Lear Rose）。这两张专辑都获得了格莱美奖，并促使听众重新审视那些他们自以为已经了解的艺术家。

《残酷的真相》继承了这一血统——对薇诺娜而言，这与其说是回归，不如说是一次重新审视。她的关键合作伙伴看起来像是一个常规选择：她的丈夫兼鼓手仙人掌·莫泽（Cactus Moser）。但莫泽并非纳什维尔的传统主义者。他是一位百科全书式的摇滚乐迷，认为情感真实高于录音室的精致，他对将薇诺娜引导回主流乡村电台或将“贾德组合”（the Judds）定格在过去毫无兴趣。

“我希望它听起来就像有人刚刚走进房间，坐下来开始一场粗粝且真实的对话，”莫泽在一次Zoom采访中说道。“这就是薇诺娜赤裸的、完全不加修饰的声音，从尘土中、从大地中迸发而出。”他以缓慢铺陈的歌曲《破碎与祝福》（Broken and Blessed）为例，指出薇诺娜声音中的颗粒感一直清晰可见，直到歌曲升华为福音音乐般的激昂。

邦妮·雷特（Bonnie Raitt）在5月的一场音乐会上与薇诺娜同台演出时，听到了《残酷的真相》的预发行版本。她在电子邮件中赞扬这一成果是“一张卓越的唱片，一项了不起的成就”。

“对我而言，《残酷的真相》（The Hard Truth）代表了温诺娜（Wynonna）在个人成长和音乐造诣上的重大飞跃，”雷特说道，“她深入挖掘了自己的故事，用自己的语言创作出了她职业生涯中最强而有力、最私人化的几首歌曲。”

温诺娜的公众形象长期以来一直依赖于一种经过精心管理的、带有名人告白色彩的亲密感。无论是在面对奥普拉·温弗瑞（Oprah Winfrey）时，还是在接受《人物》（People）杂志采访时，她披露的关于其艰辛私生活的细节恰到好处，让观众觉得受到了邀请，得以窥见其内心。随后她会走上舞台，露出那种标志性的微笑，高唱起《爱能搭建桥梁》（Love Can Build a Bridge）。人们很难真正锁定她的内心。她承认裂痕的存在，但随即又用歌声将家族的神话重新拼凑完整。

而《残酷的真相》填补了这一鸿沟。温诺娜此前讲述过这个故事的部分片段，但从未如此完整，也从未将其融入音乐之中。

“这和我之前做过的任何事情都截然不同，所以我既兴奋又恐惧，”她在沙发上说道，“有时我真的必须让自己处于一种极度亢奋的状态，才能获得进入录音室并展现出如此脆弱一面的勇气。我会跳来跳去，对自己进行心理暗示：‘我能行。我会做。我就是。’”

温诺娜告诉我，她已经达到了接纳的状态——接纳母亲的离世，以及母亲在世时伤害她的方式。但《残酷的真相》讲述的是一个尚未完全平息的故事。它拒绝将悲伤简单地打包成一个完美的结局，而是在温柔与愤怒之间徘徊。

约翰·希尔勒 / WIREIMAGE，经由盖蒂图片社（GETTY IMAGES）

左图为2008年温诺娜与母亲娜奥米（Naomi）在音乐节上的演出，右图为她在田纳西州的家中。这位歌手与自己女儿的关系也处于破裂状态。

“嘿，嘿，妈妈，你现在能听到我吗？”温诺娜在专辑的开篇歌词中唱道，“我离天堂很远，但我正大声呐喊。”

这听起来像是一场对抗吗？“噢，绝对是，”她说。

这首歌名为《从阿什兰开始走下坡路》（All Downhill From Ashland），以温诺娜和娜奥米出生的阿巴拉契亚钢铁小镇命名。将阿什兰之后发生的一切称为“走下坡路”，彻底颠覆了贾德家族（the Judds）此前精心维护的关于上升的故事。

“我对这一点感到紧张，”温诺娜说，“我不想成为一个受害者。”

那么，为什么还要回顾过去？

“因为我们之前对发生的事情并不诚实，真的不诚实，”温诺娜说，“妈妈会谈论她的抑郁症，但她不会深入探讨精神疾病的部分——比如躁郁症发作，而且她患有边缘性人格障碍。我必须保守这个秘密。包括自杀倾向以及所有那些事。”她陷入了沉默。

她陷入了沉默。

“如果我想痊愈，如果我想打破这种代际诅咒，不把它传递给我的孙女——而我决心这么做——我就必须诚实，”她说，“不再有秘密。”

在贾德家族中，秘密既是继承物，也是义务。温诺娜花费多年时间维护娜奥米的公众形象。但她也被隐瞒了秘密。30年来，娜奥米和其他亲戚一直向温诺娜谎报她的生父身份。他在2000年去世，而她从未见过他一面。

在新专辑中一首充满探索意味的慢歌《会唱歌的女孩》（Girl Who Could Sing）中，温诺娜直接向她的生父发问，询问他是否曾将她视为女儿而爱，还是仅仅在远处关注她的事业——并责怪那些让他们分离的谎言，使得答案变得不可知。

“我不应该遭受这样的对待，”温诺娜在谈到母亲的欺骗时说道，“我只能不断地原谅。我尝试原谅。但我不会忘记。”

谈话变得沉重，于是我将话题转向了专辑中那首气势十足的首支单曲《肯塔基女王》（Kentucky Queen）。作为《从阿什兰开始走下坡路》的平衡点，这首歌展现了温诺娜在赞美自己的根源，并用一种俏皮且自豪的低吼唱出“一个毫无羞耻心的妈妈造就了我”这句歌词。

但我们很快将话题转向了娜奥米的完美主义，以及这种特质在她女儿心中种下的、挥之不去的不足感。我建议说，在没人看着的时候，娜奥米肯定会放松下来。

“亲爱的，她连睡衣里都垫肩垫，”温诺娜说，“那女人时刻处于‘战斗状态’。”

我惊讶得张大了嘴，而她开始咯咯地笑起来。没过多久，我们都笑出了眼泪。

我们聊了很多话题，包括她曾与多莉·帕顿共用化妆间，并瞥见帕顿平时隐藏的一处纹身的那次经历。温诺娜坚称她没能完全看清那个图案。（亲爱的，拜托——我才不信。）她将自己在《残酷真相》（The Hard Truth）封面上穿着的那件飘逸长裙描述为一件洗礼服——她说这是“重生”——并谈到了她对莫泽的信任，她称他为“我的国王”。

最终，温诺娜再次回到了母亲与女儿的话题上——这一次，是关于她的女儿格蕾丝·凯利。

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“这与我之前做过的任何事情都如此不同，以至于我既感到兴奋又感到恐惧。”

Wynonna 与 Kelley 的关系多年来一直处于破裂状态。自 2016 年一次毒品逮捕以来，Kelley 因甲基苯丙胺犯罪、违反缓刑规定及其他罪行被多次监禁。Wynonna 从婴儿时期起就抚养着的女儿，4 岁的 Kaliyah。

专辑《The Hard Truth》中的两首歌聚焦于。《Drive》讲述了前往监狱探望女儿的长途公路旅行。《The Hopeful Lie》则捕捉到了一种绝望的渴望，希望相信深陷成瘾的挚爱之人已经改变。

“她和我断绝了联系，所以我已经一年半没和她说话了——大概就是钱断了，她就不再打电话这种事情，”Wynonna 在谈到时说道。目前在弗吉尼亚州服刑 15 个月，罪名是持有被暂停或吊销的驾照驾驶。 ( 的律师未回应查询。)

她停顿了一下，努力忍住眼泪。

“我有一个原则，就是不在任何人面前为这些事哭泣，”Wynonna 最终说道。“所以我会在洗澡时哭。或者当我独自在森林里时。这是一种从未离开过我的悲伤。”

向家人隐瞒如此深重的心碎，听起来像是在保守一个秘密。但我无法让自己说出口。

在我访问 Wynonna 称之为“农场”的庄园两天后，《Us Weekly》报道称，她的女儿被拒绝临时获释出狱以生产第二个孩子。

这个消息让 Wynonna 感到惊讶。“我不知道 Grace 怀孕了，我也不知道她是否以及何时生了孩子，是男孩还是女孩，”在我随后通过电话跟进时，她说道。“我根本不知道发生了什么。”

有时，“不再有秘密”并不完全取决于你。

“我担心，”她说。“并且祈祷。”

📄 Original Section

A lifetime of heartbreak, laid bare

Wynonna Judd's new album, "The Hard Truth," is her first as a primary songwriter. "I've wanted to write before, but I was either ignored — not heard — or afraid," Wynonna said.

TAMARA REYNOLDS FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES

Wynonna Judd digs deep into her own story for her first album in 10 years

BY BROOKS BARNES

"No more secrets" has the clean ring of a fresh start, a once-and-for-all decision to live differently. It usually doesn't go very well.

Inevitably, a situation arises when you just don't feel strong enough to lay yourself bare. Someone might judge you. It might hurt. Or you slip back into people pleasing.

Wynonna Judd has decided to try anyway.

Last week, she released “The Hard Truth,” her first studio album in 10 years and — at 62, after a four-decade career as a country superstar — her first as a primary songwriter. It’s also her first collection of original songs since her mother and longtime singing partner, Naomi Judd, died by suicide. Spare but not austere, with keening fiddle and steel guitar giving way to warm 1970s folk-pop, the record amounts to a startling late-career reinvention, asking listeners to hear one of country music’s most familiar voices in a new way.

"I've wanted to write before, but I was either ignored — not heard — or afraid," Wynonna said. "Afraid of being so vulnerable. Afraid of going against my mother and the sparkly and wholesome narrative she wanted told. She always said, 'Don't you ever go against me.' So many things that came out of her mouth were not encouraging. They were scary."

"I'm just not going to die with secrets," she continued. "Not. Gonna. Do. It. Some people do, and that's their choice."

It was mid-August, and Wynonna was at her Tennessee home, a sprawling white country house with gables and dormers about 40 minutes from Nashville. After chatting in the kitchen, we squeezed into a small elevator to reach her second-floor office. (In a Lucy-and-Ethel moment, we briefly got stuck when she couldn't remember a security code.) The office felt more like a den, with dark wood and burning candles. Wynonna, in black leather pants, her red hair and makeup in full glam, reclined on a sofa.

"I need a pillow because I'm going to lie down like we're in therapy," she said.

Some of country music's most consequential reinventions have grown out of unlikely partnerships. Emmylou Harris, increasingly ignored by country radio in the early 1990s, teamed with U2 producer Daniel Lanois on the spectral "Wrecking Ball." In 2004, when she was 72, Loretta Lynn collaborated with Jack White of the White Stripes on the raw and crackling "Van Lear Rose." Both albums won Grammys and prompted listeners to reconsider artists they thought they knew.

"The Hard Truth" belongs to that lineage — less a comeback for Wynonna than a reconsideration. Her crucial collaborator might seem like a conventional choice: Cactus Moser, her husband and drummer. But Moser is no Nashville traditionalist. An encyclopedic rock fan who prizes emotional truth over studio polish, he had no interest in steering Wynonna back toward mainstream country radio or preserving the Judds in amber.

"I wanted it to sound like somebody just walked in, sat down and started having a raw and real conversation," Moser said in a Zoom interview. "Here is Wy's naked, completely unaffected voice coming out of the dirt, out of the earth." On the slow-building song "Broken and Blessed," he noted as an example, the grain of Wynonna's voice remains exposed until the song rises into a gospel swell.

Bonnie Raitt heard an advance copy of “The Hard Truth” when she appeared on the same bill as Wynonna at a concert in May. In an email, she praised the result as “a remarkable record and achievement.”

"To me, 'The Hard Truth' represents a significant leap both personally and musically for Wynonna," Raitt said. "She's dug deep into her own story, creating in her own words, some of the strongest and most personal songs of her career."

Wynonna's public identity has long run on the carefully managed intimacy of the celebrity confession. Whether sitting with Oprah Winfrey or speaking to People magazine, she has disclosed just enough about her harrowing private life to make audiences feel they have been invited inside. Then she would step on-stage, smile that smile and belt out "Love Can Build a Bridge." It was hard to get radar lock. She acknowledged the fractures, then sang the family mythology back into place.

"The Hard Truth" closes that gap. Wynonna has told parts of this story before, but never so fully, and never in her music.

"This is so different than anything I've ever done that I'm both exhilarated and terrified," she said from the sofa. "Sometimes I really, really had to work myself into a frenzy to have the strength to go into the studio and be so vulnerable. I'd jump up and down and do affirmations: 'I can. I will. I am.'"

Wynonna told me she had arrived at acceptance — of her mother's death, of the ways her mother hurt her while alive. But "The Hard Truth" tells a less settled story. It refuses to tie grief up in a bow, moving instead between tenderness and fury.

JOHN SHEARER/WIREIMAGE, VIA GETTY IMAGES

From left, Wynonna performing with her mother, Naomi, at a music festival in 2008, and at home in Tennessee. The singer has a fractured relationship with her own daughter.

"Hey, hey, Mama, can you hear me now?" Wynonna sings in the album's opening lyrics. "I'm far from heaven, but I'm screamin' loud."

Was it supposed to sound like a confrontation? "Oh, absolutely," she said.

The song is “All Downhill From Ashland,” named for the Appalachian steel town where Wynonna and Naomi were born. Calling everything that followed Ashland “downhill” turns the Judds’ carefully tended story of ascent on its head.

"I was nervous about that," Wynonna said. "I don't want to be a victim."

Why revisit the past at all?

"Because we weren't honest about what was going on, not really," Wynonna said. "Mom would talk about her depression, but she wouldn't go into the mental illness piece — episodes of manic depression, and she had borderline personality disorder. I had to keep the secret. The suicidal ideation and all that." She fell quiet.

She fell quiet.

"If I'm going to heal, if I'm going to break the generational curse and not hand it down to my granddaughter — and I'm determined — I've got to be honest," she said. "No more secrets."

In the Judd family, secrecy was both inheritance and obligation. Wynonna spent years protecting Naomi's public image. But secrets had been kept from her, too. For 30 years, Naomi and other relatives lied to Wynonna about who her biological father was. He died in 2000 without her ever having met him.

In “Girl Who Could Sing,” a searching ballad on the new album, Wynonna addresses her biological father directly, asking whether he ever loved her as a daughter or merely watched her career from afar — and blaming the lies that kept them apart for making the answer unknowable.

"I don't deserve what I got," Wynonna said of her mother's deception. "I just have to forgive constantly. I try to forgive. But I don't forget."

The conversation had grown heavy, so I changed the subject to “Kentucky Queen,” the album’s swaggering first single. A counterweight to “All Downhill From Ashland,” the song finds Wynonna celebrating her roots and delivering the line “a mama with no shame made me” in a playful, proud growl.

But we soon veered into Naomi's perfectionism and the enduring fear of inadequacy it instilled in her daughter. I suggested that surely Naomi relaxed when no one was watching.

"Honey, she wore shoulder pads in her pajamas," Wynonna said. "The chick was on."

My jaw dropped, and she started to giggle. Before long, we were wiping tears from our eyes.

We chatted about a range of topics, including the time she shared a dressing room with Dolly Parton and glimpsed a tattoo that Parton usually kept hidden. Wynonna insisted she couldn't quite make out the design. (Honey, please — not buying it.) She described the flowing gown she wears on the cover of “The Hard Truth” as a baptismal garment — “being born again,” she said — and spoke of her trust in Moser, whom she called “my king.”

Ultimately, Wynonna returned to mothers and daughters — this time, to her daughter, Grace Kelley.

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即便是汤姆·克鲁斯也救不了这部紧张的讽刺剧

汤姆·克鲁斯在《Digger》中饰演德克萨斯州石油大亨 Digger Rockwell（左），与里兹·艾哈迈德同框。

电影评论

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演员全力投入饰演石油大亨，但结果毫无笑意

作者：马诺拉·达吉斯（MANOHLA DARGIS）

《挖掘者》（Digger）这部电影就像一头笨重且毫无用处的“白象”，简直让人为其中所有参与者感到惋惜。拍电影向来不易，而当一部大制片厂的商业片试图表达某种观点时，难度会更高。这部电影拥有原创剧本、优秀的演员和巨额预算。它还拥有足够的视觉吸引力（以及干扰项），足以让你的眼睛盯着屏幕，即便你的思绪已经飘向了一些难以捉摸的问题：汤姆·克鲁斯为什么要拍这个？他为什么长成那样？参与其中的有人敢告诉他这是一个糟糕的主意吗？导演亚历杭德罗·G·冈萨雷斯·伊纳里图（Alejandro G. Iñárritu）到底在想什么？

这是一部庞大且狂躁的作品，充斥着像石像鬼一样的面孔和大量焦虑的奔波。其中最大、最具有压迫感的面孔属于克鲁斯饰演的挖掘者·罗克韦尔（Digger Rockwell），一个德克萨斯州的石油大亨，他的企业导致了一场气候灾难，而这场灾难占据了电影的大部分篇幅。为了扮演这个角色，

克鲁斯延续了他的习惯，全身心地投入其中，通过面部假体、稀疏的头发和垫高腹部的填充物极大地改变了自己的外貌。在大多数时候，他似乎很享受在这些使其丑化的装置下窥视和皱眉。他看起来——偶尔动作起来也像——他自己，只不过更灰暗、腮帮子更垂、体型更臃肿。

在某些时刻，挖掘者让人想起奥逊·威尔斯（Orson Welles）创造的那个庞然大物查尔斯·福斯特·凯恩（Charles Foster Kane），这种关联对这部电影毫无益处。两个角色都拥有令人咋舌的财富和政治影响力，并且都拥有旨在表达其某种不可逃避之真相的重要图腾。凯恩当然有一把雪橇（神秘的“玫瑰花蕾”），那是他在一切改变之前童年时玩过的；而挖掘者则有一把铲子，那是他祖父发现第一处油田时使用的。这把铲子现在挂在挖掘者豪宅的一座巨大壁炉上方——那种富人们为了给自己建立纪念碑而建造的奢华且庞大的庄园，而这些庄园最终总是会变成陵墓。

电影的第一部分主要关注挖掘者那个经过精心艺术指导的世界：一个带有木镶板、标本奖杯和装饰着鹿角的巨大梳妆镜的定制巢穴。当伊纳里图像一个兴奋的导览员一样带领观众参观这座房子时，角色们像旧式电影中的小丑一样进进出出。桑德拉·许勒（Sandra Hüller）饰演挖掘者的妹妹艾玛（Emma），她气喘吁吁地短暂闯入。她退场太快，但其他极具吸引力的演员轮番登场，包括饰演大声嚷嚷的美国总统的约翰·古德曼（John Goodman），以及饰演陷入窘境的副总统的迈克尔·斯图尔巴格（Michael Stuhlbarg）。这两个角色都向他求助，在挖掘者北极油田的一次灾难可能引发末日危机后访问他的豪宅，这足以证明挖掘者的权势。

这部电影的剧本——如果你在朗读这段话，可能需要深呼吸——是由伊纳里图、亚历山大·迪内拉里斯（Alexander Dinelaris）、尼古拉斯·贾科博内（Nicolás Giacobone）和萨比娜·伯曼（Sabina Berman）编写的，故事由伯曼、伊纳里图和杰兹·巴特沃斯（Jez Butterworth）构思。目前尚不清楚谁想出了“挖掘者·罗克韦尔”这个名字，尽管大概有人觉得这很有趣；根据制作笔记，这部电影是一部讽刺剧。尽管有凸出的眼球、旋转的头部、拍打的下颚，以及几场伊纳里图试图用韦斯·安德森（Wes Anderson）风格导演的戏份，但结果在很大程度上毫无笑意。即便是在挖掘者讨好他那只失禁的古董猫玛吉（Maggie）时也是如此——那是一个像傀儡一样的生物，如此之假，以至于它出现时最初让人感到困惑。

当电影转向一种费力的、自我反思的基调时，她那像动画机器一样面相的原因便变得清晰起来，而这种基调的吸引力呈指数级下降。前述提供给评论家的制作笔记中包含一项措辞礼貌的请求，希望不要通过揭露某些反转而表面上地剧透《挖掘者》（Digger）——我想这意味着他们不希望我写出那个石油商及其狡诈团伙其实是一场精心策划的舞台剧中的角色。这一信息并没有增加太多价值，尽管它引发了另一个不那么讨喜的对比，这一次是与查理·考夫曼的《纽约内科》（Synecdoche, New York）相比，后者是一个关于一名剧场导演在排演一部紧密复制其生活的作品的、富有哲学思考的复杂谜题。

无论是有意还是无意，《挖掘者》经常让人想起其他电影，包括伊纳里图的《鸟人》（2014），后者在处理现实与表象之间的分歧时更为成功。尽管如此，《挖掘者》中偶尔还是有一些精彩时刻，杰西·普莱蒙斯再次贡献了一场令人不安且具有颠覆性的表演，让你想要跟随他的角色前往任何他要去的地方。考虑到其他演员如同卡通般的表演，普莱蒙斯表演中相对的克制和富有表现力的特质——他的角色注视他人的时间稍微过长，而他的微笑似乎被疯狂所照亮——令人感到欣慰。看到像古德曼、斯图尔巴格和里兹·艾哈迈德这样的演员被如此糟糕地处理，实在令人沮丧。

像往常一样，克鲁斯在这里非常努力，但虽然他饰演的挖掘者确实充满活力，但那也只是一系列片段的集合——演讲、动作、手势、鬼脸——它们从未凝聚在一起。如果说有什么影响的话，克鲁斯所有艰苦的能量反而加重了一部本就沉闷的电影的负担，这并不完全是他的责任，即便他是制片人之一。在经历了一系列动作大片之后，他显然试图尝试一些不同的东西，但由于这部电影半成品般的想法，以及一位和他一样过于严肃的导演，他被击垮了。尽管他一直在微笑，但克鲁斯不再拥有职业生涯早期的那种真诚魅力，而且多年来，他的公众形象往往像石化木一样沉重。如果这种情况很少产生影响，那是因为他太擅长扮演一个这部电影根本无法理解的角色：超级巨星汤姆·克鲁斯。

随着《哈酱，摇起你的臀部！》起舞

照片由 SONY PICTURES CLASSICS 提供

电影主演与导演解析五场关键舞蹈片段

作者：BARBARA CHAI

在《哈酱，摇起你的臀部！》（Ha-Chan, Shake Your Booty!）中，有一个场景如此惊人且出人意料，以至于今年该片在圣丹斯电影节首映时，观众席爆发了巨大的反响。“他们开始欢呼喝彩，在座位上跳舞，沉浸在这种荒诞感之中，”该片导演约瑟夫·久保田·弗拉迪卡（Josef Kubota Wladyka）说道。

在这个片段中，演员们突然从一场东京街头斗殴切换到一场巴恰塔（bachata）快闪舞，背景音乐是莱斯利·格雷斯（Leslie Grace）翻唱的《Be My Baby》。这是这部（正在院线上映的）电影中许多独特舞蹈时刻之一。该片的灵感来自弗拉迪卡的母亲，她是一位舞厅舞者，独自抚养三个儿子，并依靠舞蹈来缓解压力。

菊地凛子饰演哈酱，一名东京舞者。当她的丈夫兼舞伴路易斯（Luis，由亚历杭德罗·埃达 Alejandro Edda 饰演）在一次比赛中突然去世时，她面临着难以想象的打击。哈酱回到家中哀悼，但她的妹妹和表亲最终将她拉回了工作室，在那里，她迷上了名为费迪尔（Fedir，由阿尔贝托·格拉拉 Alberto Guerra 饰演）的新老师。

通过舞蹈，哈酱体现了从悲伤、执念到激情的弧线。菊地（曾出演《巴比伦》、《久美子，寻宝者》）此前没有舞厅舞经验，因此在准备阶段，她与编舞师村野美里（Miri Murano）和竹本千佳子（Chikako Takemoto）学习了数月，并在拍摄前参加了为期四周的舞蹈排练集训营。

“学习舞蹈是我寻找表达哈酱方式的一种途径，”菊地在一次通过翻译进行的视频采访中说道。她还研究了弗拉迪卡母亲的视频和照片，以引导她的精神状态。

弗拉迪卡希望菊地和其他演员能够体现出比整洁的舞姿和服装更多的东西。“我总是试图提醒他们，我知道我们必须完成这段编舞，我知道你们可能会出错，”他在视频采访中说，“但在表演中，情感永远是最重要的。”

以下是五场关键舞蹈场景的详细解析。

菊地凛子与亚历杭德罗·埃达在《哈酱，摇起你的臀部！》中

比赛伦巴

在早期的一个场景中，哈酱和路易斯表演了一场比赛伦巴。在其他舞伴的簇拥下，他们眼中只有彼此。当他们沉浸在自己的幻想中时，双脚仿佛离开了地面。

“我妈妈总是说，当她进入舞蹈状态，真正处于心流状态时，感觉就像在漂浮，”弗拉迪卡说。回想起这个片段，菊地感到心中一阵温暖。“这是一个非常有代表性的场景，”她说，“他们真正信任并爱着对方，并在幸福的巅峰被托举起来。”

黑乌鸦慢舞

路易斯去世后，心碎不已的哈酱将自己禁闭在家里。在她最低落的时候，一只巨大的黑乌鸦（kawaii karasu）出现了——让人想起日本的“吉祥物”（Yuruchara）——并给了她一个拥抱。她流着泪接受了拥抱，两人随之前后摇摆。

“这只乌鸦几乎就像一个能剧（Noh）面具，”菊地提到日本古典戏剧时说道，“根据你倾斜头部的角度或光线的不同，会产生不同的表情。”看到可爱且毛茸茸的东西让她能够进入该场景所需的脆弱状态。

工作室诱惑

哈酱的妹妹和表亲说服她回到舞蹈工作室，“摇起臀部”并让自己感觉好起来。虽然她起初很紧张，但当她遇到费迪尔时，她陷入了一场与他共舞伦巴的幻想之中。“这是任何浪漫电影中的经典时刻，就像被闪电击中一样，”弗拉迪卡说。

“夏纯在生活中其实并不太顺遂，”菊地说道，“她有点笨拙。但舞蹈是一种能将她从那种困境中拉出来的途径。”

巴恰塔快闪

在一群男人对夏纯表现出攻击性后，费迪尔挺身而出保护她。被他的侠义之风所打动，夏纯开始随着《Be My Baby》的旋律拍手并拍打膝盖，随着她对他产生情愫，一切演变成了一场巴恰塔（bachata）快闪。

Wladyka表示，他希望从一个点切入，然后做一些出人意料的事情。在排练期间，他观察到编舞师和舞者们通过拍打膝盖来热身，于是决定将这个动作融入电影中。“我们想要展现舞蹈的力量，以及它是如何超越整个世界的，”他说道。

对于菊地来说，这一幕刻画了夏纯的冲动。“尽管她经历了失去，但她顺其自然，并由此爆发出了与费迪尔的这段关系，”她说道。

火车上的“梦想”

在最后一幕中，夏纯独自乘坐通勤火车，耳机里播放着小红莓乐队（the Cranberries）的《Dreams》原声版。她无法克制地开始随着节奏耸肩，随后起身在车厢内起舞，并拉着乘客们加入其中。

“当你坐在火车上时，就像进入了一个挤满很多人的小盒子；你可能并不与这些人交谈，但你们都前往同一个地方，”菊地说道，“她的这段旅程已经结束，正前往下一个目的地。那一幕的整体表达是：生活就是这样。你希望在舞动中走向生命的下一个阶段。”

📄 Original Section

The actor goes all in to play an oil tycoon, but the results are mirthless

BY MANOHLA DARGIS

“Digger” is such a lumbering white elephant of a movie that it almost makes you sorry for everyone involved. Making movies is always tough, and it can be harder still when a big studio production tries to say something. This one has an original script, good actors and a hefty budget. It also has enough visual attractions and distractions to keep your eyes fixed on the screen, even when your mind wanders to imponderables like: Why did Tom Cruise make this? Why does he look like that? Did anyone involved have the guts to tell him that this was a bad idea? And what on earth was the director, Alejandro G. Iñárritu, thinking?

It's a big and frenetic thing, crammed with gargoyle faces and a great deal of frantic scurrying. The largest, loomingest face belongs to Cruise's Digger Rockwell, a Texas oil tycoon, whose enterprises lead to a climate catastrophe that takes up much of the movie. To play the role,

Cruise, as is his custom, has gone all in for the role and drastically transformed his appearance with facial prosthetics, thinning hair and belly-forward padding. For the most part, he seems to enjoy peering and scowling from underneath these uglifying contrivances. He looks — and on occasion moves — like himself, only grayer, jowlier and heavier.

In some moments, Digger evokes Orson Welles's monstrous creation Charles Foster Kane, an association that does this movie no favors. Each character is obscenely wealthy and politically influential, and both have important totems that are meant to express an ineluctable truth about them. Kane, of course, has a sled (the mysterious "Rosebud") that he played with as a child before everything changed for him, while Digger has the shovel that his grandfather was using when he discovered his first oil deposit. The shovel now hangs above a massive fireplace in Digger's mansion, one of those lavish, sprawling estates that the wealthy build as monuments to themselves and which invariably become mausoleums.

The first chunk of the movie largely concerns Digger's scrupulously art-directed world, a bespoke lair with wood paneling, taxidermied trophies and a large dressing mirror adorned with antlers. As Iñáritu tours the house like an excited docent, charac-

ters enter and exit like old-fashioned movie clowns. Sandra Hüller storms in briefly, huffing and puffing, as Digger's sister, Emma. She splits too soon, but other appealing performers cycle through, including John Goodman as the blustering American president and Michael Stuhlbarg as the flailing vice president. It's a measure of Digger's muscle that both characters come to him, visiting his mansion after a disaster in one of his Arctic oil fields turns potentially apocalyptic.

The movie was written — if you're reading this aloud, you may want to take a deep breath — by Iñárritu, Alexander Dinelaris, Nicolás Giacobone and Sabina Berman, from a story by Berman, Iñárritu and Jez Butterworth. It's unclear who came up with the name Digger Rockwell, though presumably someone found it funny; per its production notes, the movie is a satire. Despite the popping eyeballs, swiveling heads, flapping jaws and a few scenes that Iñáritu has tried to direct in a Wes Anderson-esque key, the results are largely mirthless. That's the case even when Digger fawns over his incontinent antique cat, Maggie, a puppetlike critter who's so artificial that her appearance is initially confusing.

The reason for her animatronic-like physiognomy becomes clear when the movie shifts into a belabored, self-reflexive register that is exponentially less engaging. The aforementioned production notes given to critics include a politely worded request not to ostensibly spoil “Digger” by revealing some of the twists — which I assume means that they don’t want me to write that the oil man and his slippery gang are characters in an elaborate stage production. This information doesn’t add much, though it invites another unflattering comparison, in this case to Charlie Kaufman’s “Synecdoche, New York,” a rich, philosophically minded puzzle about a theater director who’s staging a production that closely replicates his life.

Intentionally or not, “Digger” routinely evokes other films, including Iñárritu’s “Birdman” (2014), which more successfully plays with the divide between reality and representation. All that said, there are some nice moments now and again in “Digger,” which features another eerily destabilizing performance from Jesse Plemons that makes you want to follow his character to wherever he’s going. The relative restraint and expressive specificity of Plemons’s performance — his character holds his gaze on other people a touch too long, and his smile seems backlit by madness — is a relief, given the rest of the cast’s cartoons turns. It’s a bummer to see actors like Goodman, Stuhlbarg and Riz Ahmed so badly handled.

As usual, Cruise works hard here, but while his performance as Digger is certainly animated, it's also a collection of moments — speeches, actions, gestures, grimaces — that never cohere. If anything, all of Cruise's strenuous energy helps weigh down an already ponderous movie, which isn't entirely on him, even if he is one of the producers. He's obviously set out to try something different after a string of action blockbusters, but he's sunk by this movie's half-baked ideas and badly served by a director as self-serious as he is. For all his smiling, Cruise no longer has the earnest charm he did earlier in his career, and over the years his persona has often seemed as leaden as petrified wood. If that rarely matters, it's because he's so good playing a role that this movie simply doesn't understand: Tom Cruise, star extraordinaire.

在神与人的掌控之下

NINA IZYCKA

书评

《梅斯特拉》（Mestra）

作者：麦德琳·米勒（Madeline Miller）。Ecco出版社。65 pp. $15.

作者：詹妮弗·哈兰（JENNIFER HARLAN）

2021年12月，互联网上响起了一阵喧嚣。曾创作出《阿基里斯之歌》和《刻耳刻》的古典学者兼小说家麦德琳·米勒正在创作一本新书！她宣布，这一次的主题将是珀耳塞福涅：她是宙斯与德墨忒尔之女，哈迪斯的妻子，被诅咒一年中有一半时间在冥界度过，另一半时间在光明的地表，带来新生。

但那些心急的读者并不知情，米勒当时正陷入一场与长新冠（long Covid）的艰苦斗争中，这让她难以写作。于是，一年变成了五年，这位春之女神地久天长地没有出现。

在那些黑暗的岁月里，《阿基里斯之歌》和《刻耳刻》的受欢迎程度反而不断攀升，这得益于BookTok以及今年夏天《奥德赛》改编作品引发的希腊化热潮。最终，就像珀耳塞福涅本人一样，米勒从慢性病的深渊中走出，带来了一份献礼：这不是一部小说，也不是那位女神的故事，而是一个完全不同的故事。

《梅斯特拉》是米勒自《刻耳刻》以来的首篇新虚构作品；就像她的短篇小说《加拉忒亚》（该作最初以电子书形式在两部小说之间出版，随后于2022年出版精装本）一样，这篇作品同样从奥维德的《变形记》中汲取灵感。

根据神话，色萨利国王厄里西克吞摧毁了女神德墨忒尔的圣林；作为惩罚，女神诅诅咒他拥有无法满足的食欲。奥维德写道：“饥饿永不停歇，他燃烧的食欲无法平息。最终，当他拥有的一切都被吞噬进腹，只剩下他的女儿梅斯特拉，一个父亲不配拥有的女孩。”

在米勒的版本中，厄里西克吞在吃光或典当掉所有家产后，为了七只烤鸡，将唯一的后代卖给了一名路过的商人。梅斯特拉饥肠辘辘，绝望且恐惧。那个男人买下的是“一个瘦弱单薄、除了贞洁和顺从外一无所有的女孩”；但事实上，梅斯特拉的贞洁早已在海神波塞冬的一次暴力行为中被夺走。

梅斯特拉担心那个男人在发现真相后会杀死她，也担心尽管父亲背叛了她但她依然深爱的父亲会饿死，于是她向波塞冬祈祷保护她，并获得了变形的能力。

起初，梅斯特拉的新能力看起来像是一份礼物：她变成一名渔夫，逃离了商人，带着一把把苹果回到了父亲身边。但他的饥饿并未得到满足，他将这个奇迹视为进一步获利的机会。（他当然认为这份恩赐是给他的：一个神会眷顾一个卑微的女孩而非国王，这简直荒谬之极。）

于是，一个循环开始了：梅斯特拉变形，父亲将她卖掉，她再次变形，逃脱，然后回到父亲身边，而父亲又立刻将她卖给下一个目标。没有多少利润是足够的，没有多少赏金能让他满足。梅斯特拉意识到一匹马比一个人类女孩值钱得多，于是她的父亲让她变成他最珍爱的母马——然后他把马给吃了——接着再次将她卖掉。德墨忒尔或许放大了国王的贪婪，但贪婪的种子早已种下，且在不断生长。

即便拥有古老的核心，米勒的故事依然显得极其具有现实意义。当你看着厄里西克吞时，不由得想到许多其他贪得无厌的男人，他们蹂躏土地，兜售劣质商品，并坚持进行更多的掠夺。而当你看着梅斯特拉时，不由得想到许多其他被困在虐待循环中的女性，她们面对着一个不断伤害她们的人，即便对方发誓每一次伤口都是最后一次。

[...OMITTED...]

古老的神话中充满了像梅斯特拉（Mestra）这样的女性——她们是可有可无的玩物，任由神灵和男人根据自己的意愿去剥削或蛊惑。米勒（Miller）赋予了她们辉煌的生命。由于被过度使用，“女性主义重构”这个词已经变得苍白无力，但如果说有什么故事符合这个定义，那一定是这个故事。《梅斯特拉》并非一个简单的复仇故事，也不是一次色情的翻拍。它深刻地审视了异性恋正统的权力结构、剥削，以及那种根深蒂固的、即便在被掏空时仍试图讨好他人的本能反应。如果梅斯特拉希望将自己的天赋据为己有，她必须打破这种习惯。

将其称为一本独立书籍似乎有些过誉——出版商将其恰当地定义为一篇短篇小说——但对于仅有 65 页的篇幅来说，它具有极强的冲击力。米勒的句子晶莹剔透，没有一个词是多余的。当情节最终从轻微的推演转向全面的恐怖时，这种感觉既令人震惊又在情理之中。

在如此深刻地领略了米勒的天赋之后，我渴望读到更多。遗憾的是，我不知道她的下一顿“正餐”何时到来，或者是否还会到来。在经历了这段短暂的春天之后，她再次回到了冥界。但她并未消失，而是在积蓄力量。我们必须等待，看看黑暗中接下来会绽放出什么。

詹妮弗·哈兰（Jennifer Harlan）是《纽约时报书评》的编辑及奇幻专栏作家。

📄 Original Section

Moving with ‘Ha-Chan, Shake Your Booty!’

PHOTOGRAPHS VIA SONY PICTURES CLASSICS

Film's star and director break down five of the pivotal dance sequences

BY BARBARA CHAI

There's a scene in "Ha-Chan, Shake Your Booty!" that is so startling, so unexpected, that when the film had its premiere at the Sundance Film Festival this year, the audience erupted. "They started hooting and hollering, dancing in their seats and embracing the ridiculousness of it," the film's director, Josef Kubota Wladyka, said.

In the sequence, the actors shift abruptly from a Tokyo street brawl to a bachata flash mob set to Leslie Grace's cover of "Be My Baby." It's one of many distinctive dance moments in the film (in theaters), which was inspired by Wladyka's mother, a ballroom dancer who raised three boys alone and relied on dancing for relief.

Rinko Kikuchi plays Ha-Chan, a Tokyo dancer who faces the unthinkable when her husband and dance partner, Luis (Alejandro Edda), dies suddenly during a competition. Ha-Chan retreats home to mourn, but her sister and cousin eventually drag her back to the studio, where she becomes infatuated with a new teacher named Fedir (Alberto Guerra).

Through dance, Ha-Chan embodies an arc of grief, obsession and passion. Kikuchi ("Babel," "Kumiko, the Treasure Hunter") had no experience with ballroom dance, so as preparation, she studied for months with the choreographers Miri Murano and Chikako Takemoto, and did four weeks of dance rehearsal boot camp before filming.

“Learning to dance was a way to find my way to express Ha-Chan,” Kikuchi said in a video interview through an interpreter. She also studied videos and photographs of Wladyka’s mother to channel her spirit.

Wladyka wanted Kikuchi and the other actors to embody more than clean dance lines and costumes. "I always tried to remind them that I know we have to do this choreography, and I know you might mess up," he said in a video interview, "but in their performance the emotion was always the most important thing."

Here is a closer look at five pivotal dance scenes.

Rinko Kikuchi and Alejandro Edda in "Ha-Chan, Shake Your Booty!"

COMPETITION RUMBA

In an early scene, Ha-Chan and Luis perform a competition rumba. Surrounded by other couples, they only have eyes for each other. Their feet lift off the floor as they get lost in their own reverie.

"My mom would always say when she's in the zone dancing, when she's really in the flow state, it feels like she's floating," Wladyka said. Kikuchi felt a warmth in her heart thinking back on the sequence. "It is a very emblematic scene," she said. "They really trust and love each other, and they get lifted up at the peak of their happiness."

BLACK CROW SLOW DANCE

After Luis's death, an inconsolable Ha-Chan secludes herself at home. At her lowest point, a giant black crow (kawaii karasu) appears — reminiscent of Japanese Yuruchara mascots — and offers her a hug. She accepts tearfully as they sway back and forth.

"The crow is almost like a Noh mask," Kikuchi said, referring to classical Japanese theater. "Depending on how you tilt the head, or the lighting, you get different expressions." Seeing something cute and fluffy allowed her to access the vulnerability she brought to the scene.

STUDIO SEDUCTION

Ha-Chan's sister and cousin convince her to return to the dance studio to “shake her booty” and feel better. Though she's nervous at first, when she encounters Fedir, she slips into a fantasy of dancing the rumba with him. “It's the classical moment in any romantic movie, where the lightning bolt strikes,” Wladyka said.

"Ha-Chan's not really great at getting through life," Kikuchi said. "She's a little awkward. But dance is a way to rip her out of that rut."

BACHATA FLASH MOB

After a group of men are aggressive toward Ha-Chan, Fedir stands up to them. Taken by his gallantry, Ha-Chan starts clapping and slapping her knees to "Be My Baby," and everything blooms into a bachata flash mob as she falls for him.

Wladyka said he wanted to start in one place and do something unexpected. During rehearsals, he observed the choreographers and dancers slapping their knees to warm up, and he decided to incorporate that into the film. “We wanted to illustrate the power of dance and how it transcends the whole world,” he said.

For Kikuchi, the scene portrays Ha-Chan's impulsivity. "Even though she's had the loss, she just went with it and it exploded into this relationship with Fedir," she said.

TRAIN "DREAMS"

In the final scene, Ha-Chan rides a commuter train alone while listening to the acoustic version of the Cranberries' "Dreams" in her earbuds. Unable to resist, she starts shrugging to the rhythm, gets up and dances down the train car, pulling passengers up to join her.

"When you're on a train, it's like a small box you come into with a lot of people; you may not be speaking to these people, but you're all headed in the same place," Kikuchi said. "She's come to an end of her journey and is on to the next destination. The whole expression of that scene is: Life is like this. You want to dance through it to the next stage of your life."

这些烘焙点心将下午茶提升到了新高度

格雷伯爵茶、salabat姜茶和洋甘菊为点心增添了柑橘与花香调

作者：VAUGHN VREELAND

早上好！你现在是在一边喝咖啡或茶一边阅读这篇文章吗？我希望如此。在我的记忆中，我一直是个资深的咖啡爱好者。早晨，一杯冰拿铁的诱惑能让我起床；而上午11点的能量补充，有时是我一天中唯一期待的事情（而且我对此很满意）。

大学毕业后，我开始担任咖啡师。在那段制作浓缩咖啡的日子里，核心福利之一就是无限量免费咖啡。当时我穷困潦倒且需要兴奋感，所以这满足了我的多重需求。咖啡成了我生活习惯的核心。近年来，在意识到过量摄入咖啡因也是我焦虑的核心原因后，我开始在下午转向饮茶，以此来缓解对饮料的依赖，同时又能拥有某种比白开水更特别的感觉。我追求的是平静而非亢奋，这感觉像是向“成熟”迈进了一步。

在重温了几集旧的《英国烘焙大赛》（Great British Bake-Off）后，我最近受到启发，决定将茶……融入我的烘焙中。茶香点心不知为何让人感到格外平静，尤其是当它们将整个家都浸染在香气之中时。我热爱那种泥土气息、柑橘味和花香，我也热爱围绕下午茶的仪式感。这是一种慢下来的邀请，完全断开电子连接，重新与自我以及周围环境建立联系。

因此，我邀请大家也这样做。这个秋天，记得停下来闻闻玫瑰果的香气（眨眼）。如果你有最喜欢的茶叶，也许可以试着在某个时候将其拆开，替换到以下食谱中。既能喝茶，也能吃茶。

CHRIS SIMPSON 为《纽约时报》拍摄。食物造型：MAGGIE RUGGIERO。道具造型：SOPHIA ELENI PAPPAS。

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📄 Original Section

At the mercy of gods and men

NINA IZYCKA

BOOK REVIEW

Mestra

By Madeline Miller. Ecco. 65 pp. \$15.

BY JENNIFER HARLAN

In December 2021, a klaxon went out across the internet. Madeline Miller, the classicist turned novelist responsible for “The Song of Achilles” and “Circe,” was working on a new book! This time, she announced, her subject would be Persephone: the daughter of Zeus and Demeter and bride of Hades who is cursed to spend half the year in the underworld and half above in the light, bringing forth new life.

But unbeknown to impatient readers, Miller was in the midst of an intractable battle with long Covid, which has made it difficult for her to write. And so one year stretched into five, with no sign of the goddess of spring's arrival.

In those dark years, “The Song of Achilles” and “Circe” have only grown in popularity, thanks to BookTok and the Hellenistic fervor sparked by this summer’s “Odyssey” adaptation. Finally, like Persephone herself, Miller has emerged from the depths of

chronic illness with an offering: not a novel, and not the goddess's tale, but an entirely different story.

"Mestra" is Miller's first new piece of fiction since "Circe"; and like her short story "Galatea" (which she published first as an e-book, in between her novels, and then as a hardcover in 2022), this one too takes inspiration from Ovid's "Metamorphoses."

According to myth, Erysichthon, the king of Thessaly, destroyed the sacred grove of the goddess Demeter; as punishment, she cursed him with an insatiable appetite. "Famine worked unabated and his burning appetite was unappeared," Ovid writes. "Eventually, when all he owned was inside him, only his daughter, Mestra, was left, a girl whom the father was not worthy of."

In Miller's version, having consumed or pawned off all of their household goods, Erysichthon sells his lone offspring to a passing merchant for seven roast chickens. Mestra is starving, desperate and terrified. The man has paid for "a weak, thin girl with only virginity and obedience to recommend her"; but in fact Mestra's virginity has been stolen by the sea god Poseidon in an act of violence.

Terrified that the man will kill her when he discovers this — and that her father, whom she still loves despite his betrayal, will be left to starve — Mestra prays to Poseidon to protect her and is granted the ability to shape-shift.

At first, Mestra's new power seems like a gift: She turns into a fisherman, escapes the merchant and returns to her father with fistfuls of apples. But his hunger is not satisfied, and he sees in this miracle an opportunity for further profit. (He of course believes the boon is intended for him: The idea of a god favoring a mere girl, rather than a king, is preposterous.)

And so begins a cycle: Mestra transforms, her father sells her, she shape-shifts again, she escapes, and she returns to her father, who sells her right back to his next mark. No profit is enough; no bounty will satisfy. Mestra realizes that a horse is worth much more than a human girl, and so her father has her transform into his most prized mare — whom he ate — and sells her off again. Demeter may have amplified the king's greed, but its seeds were planted long ago, and it only continues to grow.

Even with its ancient bones, Miller's tale feels awfully relevant. You can't look at Erysichthon without thinking of so many other insatiable men who ravage the land, sell bad bills of goods and insist on ever more plunder. And you can't look at Mestra without thinking of so many other women who are trapped in a cycle of abuse with someone who keeps hurting them, even as they swear that each wound is the last.

The ancient myths are full of women like Mestra — disposable playthings to be exploited or enchanted as gods and men see fit. Miller brings them gloriously to life. The term “feminist retelling” has gotten flimsy with over-use, but if ever a story qualified it is this one. “Mestra” is not a simple revenge tale or a sexy rehash. It is a stark look at heteronormative power structures, at exploitation, at that deeply ingrained reflex to please, even as it hollows you out. It’s a habit Mestra must break if she ever hopes to claim her gift for herself.

To call this a standalone book feels generous — the publisher has billed it, appropriately, as a short story — but it packs a mighty punch for only 65 pages. Miller's sentences are crystalline, not a word out of place. When things take a final turn from lightly speculative to full-blown horror, it feels both shocking and inevitable.

After such a rich reminder of Miller's gifts, I was left hungry for more. Sadly, I don't know when our next full meal from her is coming, or if it ever will. After this brief spring, back into the underworld she goes. But she is not gone; she is just gathering her strength. We must wait to see what will bloom next from the dark.

Jennifer Harlan is an editor, and the fantasy columnist, at The New York Times Book Review.

问题的根源

生姜是 Arlyn Osborne 创作、由 Ligaya Mishan 改编的蜂蜜 salabat 姜茶蛋糕的灵魂。Salabat 是一种菲律宾传统茶，由新鲜姜根煮制而成，它与姜粉和蜂蜜一起融入海绵蛋糕中。蛋糕顶部淋上柠檬糖釉，并点缀更多结晶形式的生姜。每一片都像是一剂抚慰心灵的温润香膏。

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蜂蜜 SALABAT 姜茶蛋糕

由 LIGAYA MISHAN 根据 ARLYN OSBORNE 的《SUGARCANE: SWEET RECIPES FROM MY HALF-FILIPINO KITCHEN》（HARDIE GRANT, 2024）改编。时间：1小时40分钟，另加冷却时间。产量：一个（9x5英寸）长条蛋糕

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蛋糕原料：

烹饪喷雾（用于刷锅） $\frac{1}{2}$ 杯 / 80 克切丁的去皮新鲜生姜（约 8 英寸 / 85 克生姜）

1 $^{3 / 4}$ 杯 / 219 克通用面粉

2 汤匙生姜粉

1 茶匙犹太盐

$\frac{1}{2}$ 茶匙泡打粉

$\{1}{2}$ 茶匙小苏打

$\{1}{2}$ 杯 / 175 克蜂蜜

$\{1}{2}$ 杯 / 105 克中性油

$\{1}{2}$ 杯 / 100 克细砂糖

$\{1}{4}$ 杯 / 60 克酸奶油

2 个大鸡蛋（室温） 1 个大柠檬的柠檬皮屑（约 1 汤匙）以及 1 汤匙新鲜柠檬汁

1 茶匙香草精

糖霜与装饰：

足量 $\{3}{4}$ 杯 / 100 克糖粉

1 汤匙蜂蜜

2 茶匙新鲜柠檬汁

2 汤匙切碎的结晶生姜（用于装饰）

1. 将烤箱预热至 350 度。在 9-by-5 英寸的吐司锅中喷上烹饪喷雾，并铺上烘焙纸，长边留出超出锅缘的部分。

2. 制作 salabat（新鲜生姜茶）：在小炖锅中加入 $\{3}{4}$ 杯 / 180 毫升水和生姜丁，用大火煮沸。随后调至极小火慢炖 5 分钟，使风味充分融合。关火，盖上锅盖焖 10 分钟。

3. 在一个小量杯上放置细孔筛网，过滤混合液，用橡胶刮刀挤压以提取 salabat。（你应该得到 $\{1}{2}$ 杯 / 120 毫升。如果不足，请加水。）冷却 10 分钟。

4. 准备蛋糕：在一个中碗中，将面粉、生姜粉、盐、泡打粉和小苏打搅拌均匀。

5. 在一个大碗中，将冷却的 salabat、蜂蜜、油、糖、酸奶油、鸡蛋、柠檬皮屑、柠檬汁和香草精搅拌均匀。一次性加入面粉混合物，搅拌至刚好融合。面糊看起来像煎饼面糊。

6. 将面糊刮入准备好的吐司锅中。烘烤至金黄色，且将木签插入蛋糕中心取出时没有残留物即可，大约需要 1 小时。在烘烤最后 10 分钟时，轻轻覆盖一层铝箔纸以防止过度上色。

7. 将烤盘转移到铺有铝箔纸的烤盘上的冷却架上（以便稍后接住滴落的糖霜），冷却 20 分钟。利用烘焙纸的边缘作为把手，将蛋糕移至冷却架上。丢弃烘焙纸，让蛋糕完全冷却。

8. 制作糖霜：在一个小碗中，将糖粉、蜂蜜、柠檬汁和 1 茶匙水搅拌均匀。将糖霜淋在冷却蛋糕的中心，向外铺开，让糖霜自然地沿着侧面滴落。顶部撒上结晶生姜。在切片食用前让糖霜凝固。

CHRIS SIMPSON 为《纽约时报》拍摄。食物造型：MAGGIE RUGGIERO。道具造型：SOPHIA PAPPAS。

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完美的时令烘焙

Eric Kim 的草莓糖霜洋甘菊茶蛋糕非常适合在夏秋之交烘焙。海绵蛋糕中草本茶的青草气息预示着秋季温暖风味的到来，而柠檬草莓糖霜则让人想起夏季最后的阳光。每一片蛋糕看起来都像一场日落，恰到好处。

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📄 Original Section

For the Cake:

Cooking spray, for greasing the pan $\frac{1}{2}$ cup/80 grams diced peeled fresh ginger (from about 8 inches/85 grams ginger)

1 $^{3/4}$ cups/219 grams all-purpose flour

2 tablespoons ground ginger

1 teaspoon kosher salt

$\frac{1}{2}$ teaspoon baking powder

$\frac{1}{2}$ teaspoon baking soda

$\frac{1}{2}$ cup/175 grams honey

$\frac{1}{2}$ cup/105 grams neutral oil

$\frac{1}{2}$ cup/100 grams granulated sugar

$\frac{1}{4}$ cup/60 grams sour cream

2 large eggs, at room temperature Grated zest of 1 large lemon (about 1 tablespoon) plus 1 tablespoon fresh lemon juice

1 teaspoon vanilla extract

For the Glaze and Garnish:

Generous $\frac{3}{4}$ cup/100 grams powdered sugar

1 tablespoon honey

2 teaspoons fresh lemon juice

2 tablespoons finely chopped crystallized ginger, for garnish

1. Heat oven to 350 degrees. Grease a 9-by-5-inch loaf pan with cooking spray and line with parchment paper, leaving overhang on long sides.

2. Make the salabat (fresh ginger tea): In a small saucepan, add $\frac{3}{4}$ cup/180 milliliters water and the diced ginger and bring to a boil over high heat. Reduce to a very gentle simmer and cook for 5 minutes, letting the flavors infuse. Turn off the heat, cover with a lid and let steep for 10 minutes.

3. Place a fine-mesh sieve over a small liquid measuring cup and strain mixture, pressing with a rubber spatula to extract the salabat. (You should have $\frac{1}{2}$ cup/120 milliliters. If you have less, add water.) Let cool for 10 minutes.

4. Prepare the cake: In a medium bowl, whisk together flour, ground ginger, salt, baking powder and baking soda.

5. In a large bowl, whisk together cooled salabat, honey, oil, sugar, sour cream, eggs, lemon zest, lemon juice and vanilla. Add flour mixture all at once and whisk until just combined. The batter will look like pancake batter.

6. Scrape the batter into the prepared loaf pan. Bake until golden and a wooden skewer inserted into the cake's center comes out clean, about 1 hour. Cover loosely with foil for the last 10 minutes of baking to prevent overbrowning.

7. Transfer pan to a wire rack set inside a foil-lined sheet pan (this will catch the glaze later) and let cool for 20 minutes. Using parchment overhang as handles, lift cake onto wire rack. Discard parchment and let cake cool completely.

8. Make the glaze: In a small bowl, whisk together the powdered sugar, honey, lemon juice and 1 teaspoon water. Drizzle glaze down the center of the cooled cake and spread outward, letting gravity pull long drips down the sides. Top with crystallized ginger. Let glaze set before slicing and serving.

CHRIS SIMPSON FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES. FOOD STYLIST: MAGGIE RUGGIERO. PROP STYLIST: SOPHIA PAPPAS.

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洋甘菊草莓糖霜蛋糕

时间：2½ 小时，另加冷却时间

产量：一个 9 英寸长方形蛋糕

1. $\frac{1}{2}$ 杯 / 115 克无盐黄油

2. 2 汤匙 / 6 克洋甘菊茶（来自 4 到 6 个茶包），若颗粒较粗请将其压碎

1 杯 / 240 毫升全脂牛奶非粘锅烹饪喷雾

1 杯 / 200 克细砂糖

2 个大鸡蛋

$\frac{1}{2}$ 茶匙粗粒犹太盐牛奶。将其置一旁浸泡并完全冷却，约 1 小时。

3. 将烤箱预热至 350 度。使用非粘锅烹饪喷雾在 9-by-5 英寸的长方形蛋糕盘中刷油，并铺上羊皮纸，使烤盘长边有几英寸的悬空，以便于将烤好的蛋糕取出。

4. 将糖和盐加入装有黄油的碗中，搅拌至顺滑且浓稠，约 1 分钟。依次加入鸡蛋，每加入一个后都要用力搅拌均匀。将柠檬皮屑擦入碗中；加入泡打粉和香草精，搅拌至融合。加入面粉，同时缓慢倒入牛奶混合液，持续搅拌直到没有面粉痕迹。

5. 将面糊倒入准备好的烤盘中，烘烤至插入中心的签子或蛋糕测试针取出时干净（有少量碎屑没关系，但不应有湿面糊），40 到 45 分钟。在架子上放在烤盘中冷却 30 分钟。

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那种高贵的气息

卡罗莱纳·格伦（Carolina Gelen）的“伦敦雾”曲奇可能启发了本专栏，也可能没有。我不认为我的厨房曾像第一次烘焙这批曲奇时那样香气如此沁人心脾：你首先将茶叶与一些食用薰衣草（如果能找到的话，但无论如何它们都会很棒）一起浸泡在融化的黄油中。顶部那一抹带有黄油香的香草糖霜让人想起真正的“伦敦雾”咖啡中的蒸牛奶。除了极其可爱之外，它还完美地平衡了曲奇的柑橘味和花香。

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伦敦雾曲奇

时间：约 2 小时

产量：约 8 块（4 ½ 英寸）曲奇

曲奇原料：

12 汤匙 / 169 克无盐黄油

3 个伯爵茶包（或 1 $\{1}{2}$ 汤匙 / 6 克茶叶）

$\{1}{2}$ 茶匙食用薰衣草，可选（见提示），另准备部分用于装饰

$\{1}{2}$ 杯另加 2 汤匙 / 116 克细砂糖

$\{1}{2}$ 杯压实 / 100 克浅棕糖

2 茶匙香草精

$\{1}{2}$ 茶匙犹太盐，如 Diamond Crystal 品牌

1 $\{1}{2}$ 杯 / 206 克中筋面粉

1 茶匙泡打粉

$\{1}{2}$ 茶匙小苏打 1 个大鸡蛋 / 50 克

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糖霜配方：

3 汤匙 / 42 克无盐黄油 $\frac{3}{4}$ 杯 / 93 克糖粉

1 汤匙 / 12 克全脂牛奶 $\frac{1}{2}$ 茶匙香草精

盐

1. 在小炖锅中用中火加热，加入黄油。黄油基本融化后，剪开茶包，加入茶叶并搅拌一分钟。如果使用薰衣草，请将其加入，然后将锅移离火源。盖上锅盖浸泡 10 分钟。

1 个大柠檬

LINDA XIAO 为《纽约时报》拍摄。食物造型：MONICA PIERINI。

2 茶匙泡打粉

1 茶匙纯香草精

$1 \frac{1}{2}$ 杯 / 192 克通用面粉

1 杯 / 124 克糖粉 $\frac{1}{2}$ 杯 / 8 克冻干草莓

1. 在小炖锅中，用中火融化黄油。将 1 汤匙洋甘菊加入一个大搅拌碗中。将热的融化黄油倒入洋甘菊上并搅拌。放置在一旁浸泡并完全冷却，约 1 小时。

2. 使用同一个炖锅（无需清洗），用中高火将牛奶加热至微沸，注意不要沸腾溢出。移离火源，将剩余的 1 汤匙洋甘菊搅拌入热的

6. 在蛋糕冷却时，制作糖霜：在一个中碗中，挤入 2 汤匙从削皮柠檬中榨出的果汁，然后加入糖粉。将脱水草莓放入放在碗上的细筛网中，用手指将脆草莓压碎，将红粉色粉末通过筛网压入糖粉中。（这样做得越多，糖霜的颜色就越红。）搅拌至顺滑。

7. 如有必要，沿蛋糕边缘用刀划开，使其脱离烤盘。抓住 2 边悬出的烘焙纸，将蛋糕提起并放在盘子、蛋糕架或切菜板上。丢弃烘焙纸。将糖霜淋在蛋糕上，用勺子将糖霜推向蛋糕边缘，使糖霜沿侧面大幅度滴落。将蛋糕完全冷却，让糖霜凝固。

2. 在搅拌碗中，将细砂糖、红糖、香草精和盐混合。在小碗中，加入面粉、泡打粉和苏打粉，搅拌均匀。

3. 将浸过茶的黄油倒入糖中。使用硅胶刮刀用力搅拌均匀。确保面糊不是烫手的，然后加入鸡蛋，用力搅拌 1 到 2 分钟使其混合，同时降低面糊温度。加入干原料并混合，直到没有干面粉点。将面团不加盖放入冰箱冷藏 10 分钟。

4. 准备烘烤时，将面团分成 8 个 $\frac{1}{4}$ 杯大小的球（使用 4 汤匙的量勺会有帮助），并放在小烤盘上（你应该有 8 个球，每个重约

80 克）。将面团球转移到铺有烘焙纸的小烤盘或大盘子上，不加盖冷冻 45 分钟，直到触感坚硬。

5. 将烤架放置在烤箱的上三分之一和下三分之一处。将烤箱加热至 350 度。在两个大烤盘上铺上烘焙纸。将冷冻面团的一半放在每个烤盘上，每个曲奇之间留出 5 英寸的距离。

6. 烘烤约 16 分钟，直到曲奇看起来呈浅金色且膨胀，而中心看起来仍有点未熟。将烤盘底部用力敲击在坚硬的耐热表面上几次，使曲奇扁平。冷却 5 分钟，然后将曲奇转移到冷却架上完全冷却。

7. 在微波炉适用碗中，将黄油微波加热约 30 秒，直到非常柔软但未完全融化。加入糖、牛奶、香草精和一小撮盐。搅拌至顺滑。

8. 使用硅胶刮刀在每块室温饼干上淋上一两道浓厚的糖霜。如果喜欢，可以用更多薰衣草进行装饰。糖霜需要一点时间凝固，且会保持较软的质地，因此建议不要立即将饼干叠放。存放在密封容器或密封袋中，可保存最多 2 天。

提示：烹饪用薰衣草经过培育和加工以确保食用安全，其味道可口且肥皂味较轻，可在特产店、当地薰衣草农场或网上购买。

HISTORIQUES AMERICAN 1921

参考号 82035，白金

Calibre 4400 AS

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纽约时报

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